Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
101 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Hooke
|
"on the hook go to jail" |
|
leewennoek
|
-discover the 1st microscope selfish b/c he didn't share his discovery with anyone -found microbes from a pond water found protozoa called them "animicules" |
|
virus classification
|
not living, obligate needs a host which is called endosymbotic relationship |
|
1st virus discovered
|
anthrax |
|
John Snow
|
pulled off the pump handle of water source which was making everyone sick |
|
protozoa 1.E.M.C.R. |
unicellular, eukaryotic, classified by movement, no cell walls, reproduce sexually and asexually |
|
Pasteur
|
disproved spontaneous generation -by 2 beakers one he added heat so the heat one didn't have microbes and the one without heat became terpid (w/ microbes) |
|
worms start out as
|
usually oral/fecal with vectors |
|
Koch Postulates
O.S.I.O |
-germ theory 1. organisms cause disease 2. same organism must be present in each 3. inoculation of the subject must cause infection every time 4. original organism is isolated (cow gets sick and dies and feed the dead cow to another cow it dies too) |
|
mycobacteria |
cant be grown in a lab b/c cant be in pure culture -must be combined w/ something else for it to grow needs a cell wall -ex: leprosy pneumonia (hansens), TB |
|
Lister |
-made aseptic technique -discovered Phenol but its too strong will kill cell as well. -surgical room wipe off the scap with pants |
|
vector and fomite
|
-fomite: site of microbe non-living (surface) -vector: transports the infection (mosquito) |
|
bacteriophages infect?
|
only bacteria
sits on the bacteria and injects its DNA directly into it |
|
genetic engineering is? |
making a vaccine |
|
genetic therapy |
correcting a bad gene in our body
|
|
DNA
|
GC AG- ARE PURINES X2 CHAIN -bigger than pyrimidines TC- PYRIMIDINES X1 RING 2X1 IN ORDER FOR IT TO GEOMETRICALLY FIT |
|
RNA
|
AU GC |
|
DNA
|
is held together by hydrogen bonds hydrogen bonds are weak as a single but strong together -inside are AGTC amino acids -backbone of dna: phosphate, deoxysomes , sugar -dioxynbosugar |
|
start at -RNA |
negative sense RNA, goes to nucleus, replicase, makes mRNA, goes to Ribosomes, makes bond of aminoacids , A & P kick it out. |
|
humans DNA sequence will always be... |
ALWAYS! |
|
polymer made of? N.P.S. |
DNA composed of repeating units of nucleotides, phosphates and sugars (all different molecules) -large molecule |
|
monoschride |
single just one ; 6 sided all are the same molecule sacride: sugar |
|
diosachride
|
all are the same molecule |
|
polysachride |
all are the same molecule |
|
bacteria's cell wall is made of
|
peptidoglycan (NAG/NAM) |
|
euk cell cell wall is made of?
|
phospholipid bilayer aka fluid mosaic model which is for movement where it needs to go |
|
magnetosomes
|
orient to the poles of the North Pole of the Earth
-magnets orient |
|
bacterium chemotaxis (+/-)
|
positive chemotaxis- orient toward a stimuli (ex food) negative chemotaxis- run from a stimuli (ex: Lysol bacteria runs away) |
|
bacillus shaped bacteria
|
rod shaped in chains end to end, gram+
|
|
types of flagella arrangement M.L.A.P.A |
1.monorichious: single flagella at 1 pole 2. lophotrichious: many flagella at 1 pole 3. amphitrichious: 1 flagella at each side 1 on each pole 4. peritrichous: flagella all over all sides 5. amphilophotrichous: many flagella and both ends poles |
|
stiff flagella around |
fimbriae; allows attachment aka Pili |
|
pili is used in bacteria for |
DNA exchange, it attaches to another cell to share its DNA ex: antibiotic resistance (bacteria conjunction) |
|
what passes through plasma membrane unaided? H.L.G.G. in NaK+ pump? |
water-polar, lipids, glucose, gasses -NaK+ pump- passive in cells that are not depolorized |
|
whats exocytosis? and how? |
wastes expelled from the cell -waste is packaged via golgi(UPS), lysosomes inside the cell digest |
|
thirsty cell is a |
pinocytosis -wants water from inside the cell |
|
endocytosis |
-taking things inside the cell -passive when eating |
|
phagocytosis |
bringing in something pinching it into a vacuole -lysosomes digest it |
|
plants: thyalkloid membrane what occurs here? |
photosynthesis occurs here in the chloroplast light dependent substrates involved: Light, carbon, water; other end spits out oxygen starting photosynthesis L.C.H20 substrate=where the enzyme acts |
|
light dependent photosynthesis process |
light, carbon, water -UV radiation hits chloroplasts and causes reaction leading to hyper stimulation of hydrogen ions,the unstable H+ moves thru its energized state and starts a cascade which leads to increase energy deposition of ions into the Calvin Benson Cycle, generates Electrons, flows into the ETC creating a gradient, enough energy H+ reaches, starch molecules made and packaged/stored in vacuoles and waste products of oxygen is released |
|
gram + bacteria |
-teotroic acid, purple under a scope. single outer membrane less dangerous than gram- |
|
gram - |
red under a scope, has a double outer membrane extra protection, more dangerous than gram+ |
|
gram stain what do you do? |
decolorize
blot or safrain is the counterstain |
|
species must produce...
|
FERTILE offspring |
|
bacteria reproduce by |
binary fission or budding |
|
anabolism vs catabolism -part of meta-bolism |
ana- is to build up (anabolic steroids) cana- breaking down both are a part of metabolism |
|
in enzymes the place where a something attaches is |
the active site (key and lock) |
|
-zyme means |
whats making the printing ex" riboZYME refers to Ribosomes and the substrate is the RNA |
|
NAD+ and FAD2+ |
electron carriers co-factors in oxidation/reduction |
|
oxidation/reduction is not |
exclusive only to glycolsis |
|
what happens in Oxidation? |
increase energy is RIPPED OFF leaving a charged high energy molecule behind ex: NADH TO NAD -taking off the H+ |
|
reduction |
the opposite of of oxidation, increase energy species GAINS an electron neutralizing a charged molecule (stabilizing) -ex: NAH+ TO NADH (oil oxidation is lost and R-16 reduction is gained) |
|
gluco-neogenesis substrates: G.C.A.P. |
conversion of anything to a new carb where the primary carb is glucose substrates: glucogon, carbs, amino acids, polysacchrides (NOS) |
|
aerobic respiration |
requires oxygen strong substrate: glucose, carriers: are enzymes final product: is electron acceptor ATP synthase process-glycolysis, pyruvic acid, kreb cycle, ETC, ATP |
|
anarobic respiration |
*FULL STOP* requires: NO o2 substrate: limited factor glucose final product: lactic acid. steps: no O2, pyruvate, pyruvic acids, lactic acid, FULL STOP dead end -no CO2 or H2O produced |
|
in a tube test anarobic and aerobic grow? |
anarobic grow on the bottom aerobic grow at the top-needs air to live |
|
if you increast Temp electrons... |
denatured due to breaking of H bonds. |
|
microbes that grow in LAVA |
thermaphiles |
|
in fridge? |
pyschophiles |
|
freezer? |
hyperpsychophiles |
|
if a microbe can grow in presence or absence of oxygen its called? |
AERO-TOLERANT |
|
binary fission is what type of reproduction? |
asexual, exponential |
|
endospore cycle |
1, replicates dna 2. forms a cell wall. 3. pinches off the spore 4. septum to make a new DNA 5. rehydrates to cell wall becomes 2,active again! |
|
counting bacteria methods |
1. gross colony count 2. light microscope 3. coulter mechanical lysis as it passes thru field 4. filtration 5. turbidity (cloudy/clear) 6. gross weight |
|
antibiotics target the |
peptidoglycan cell wall of a bacteria
(we dont have that) |
|
bacteria feature that antibiotics target |
ribosomes 70S (we are 80s) |
|
M-proteins are protective where? -C.M/M.H. |
capsid, mucus membrane, HCI in the stomach (h.pylori) |
|
physical removal of germs? |
degerming, |
|
how do you know if a cell in dead or alive? |
-must be metabolizing to be alive |
|
why do people take antibiotics at the same time everyday ? |
want to keep metabolism at a steady level medications have a half time |
|
bacteria characteristics by SHAPE |
1. spirocrete: sprial shaped 2. vibro: small C 3. cocci: circular, diplo- 2 strepto: chains staphlo: clusters 4. bacillus: line up end to end/rod shaped |
|
prefixes to remember ase pyschro thermo pyro |
-ASE: ENZYME -PSYCHRO: COLD THERMO= HEAT PYRO= FIRE EXTREME HEAT |
|
a virion is |
a fully formed virus -are infected by a viron not a virus |
|
sickness |
1. prodromal: feelling sick 2. fully sick 3. feeling better but still sick 4. homostasis *infected in all stages |
|
stages of sickness I.I.P.F.D.H/C |
1.inocculation-no s/s infected by microbe 2. incubation-when symptoms start to show 3. prodromal-general symptoms 4. flourid infection 5.decline of infection 6. homostasis or convalenscence |
|
fomite is on a |
non living surface |
|
vector is the |
the carrier of the microbe |
|
transient mircobiota, colonizing the host bad or not? |
not harmful just recolonization -only colonizes for a short period doesnt harm |
|
resistant microbiota is |
always present (first months of life in a newborn colonizing it) |
|
pathogen must be |
highly virulent to be pathogenic virulance: is the amount of sickness or how sick you actually are |
|
how to stop a spread of a highly contagious disease? |
1. vaccinations 2. educate the public 3. treat the sick |
|
symbiosis |
1 is dependent (endosymbiotic relationship: needs host to live) |
|
host and organism relation C.P.M |
Commesualism: host unaffected organism benefits ex: staph on the skin Parasitism: organsim benefits, host harmed ex: TB in lungs Mutualism: both benefit ex: bacteria in colon |
|
signs are |
objective whats seen broken leg |
|
symptoms are |
subjective;cant be seen just measured ex: pain, headache |
|
term used to discribe what occurs to a newborn as it passes thru the birth canal? |
colonization "resistant microbiota" |
|
nonsocomial infection is |
a hospital acquired infection |
|
atrogenic infection is |
idiopathic as to where it was aquired |
|
deseases catagorization in a population E.P.E.S. |
1. endemic: always present in a pop 2. pandemic: across the country 3. epidemic: many ppl in a short period 4. sporadic: occasionally seen always present |
|
how do viruses enter a cell? |
via phagocytosis enters the cell we help them uncoat, goes to the nucleus, makes mRNA, goes to ribosomes makes proteins for the virus, assembles, lices the cell, new virus is made |
|
prions |
cause disease in mammals (us : euk homosapiens, ergo, mammals) - infectious protons that fold abnormally -be destroyed only by autoclave -effects the brain |
|
shape of a viron is determined by their? |
capsid -cell wall |
|
naked capsid animal virus enter by? |
phagocytosis, direct injection (phagocytosis: injection of a bacteria/virus) |
|
retrovirus requires what to replicate |
RNA b/c RNA dependent |
|
Purpose of lichen? |
make dirt |
|
a single-cell organism used in mirror production |
diatomes |
|
hard exo-skeleton multicellular? |
segmented body ex: spiders |
|
BACTERISTATIC/BACTERIOCIDAL |
STATIC: lowering growth rate CIDAL: killing the bacteria |
|
air disinfection is achieved by |
HEPPA filter or UV radiation |
|
a property of honey that makes it habitable for bacteria and harmful to small kids? |
clostridium -its anaerobic viscus thick, osmolar gradients. |
|
carbon dioxide is not used in what? |
wound care b/c it kills the good skin; ALL lipids |
|
bacterial growth stages |
lag, log, stationary, death -in an exponential rate |