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55 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
How is Kelly's theory organized |
phenomenology theory - study of intact conscious experiences
cognitive theory - emphasis mental processes/how we interpret events existential theory - meaning of those events to us humanistic theory - ability for self-improvement |
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What is constructive alternativism? **How is it related to Vaihinger and Adler? |
free to construe reality anyway you wish. no one is bound by biography
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What is the fundamental postulate? |
a persons processes are psychologically channelized by the way in which we anticipate events
--translation: psychological processes improve one's predictions about the future |
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What are the 11 corollaries? |
1. construction
2. individuality 3. organization 4. dichotomy 5. choice 6. range 7. experience 8. modulation 9. fragmentation 10. commonality 11. sociality |
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What is Kelly's model of the human being? |
people as scientists - a construct is like a mini scientific theory.
main goal in life is to reduce uncertainty by making predictions about reality |
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What are Kelly's interpretations of traditional psychological constructs? |
motivation
..jackass theories - we move because we want to ..push/pitchfork - prodded/pushed into action ..pull/carrot - tempted/pulled into action anxiety - awareness that an event lies otuside the range f convenience one's construct system hostility - forces validation of an invalid construct (arguing when you know you're wrong - bad) aggression - extending a construct (go where no one has gone before -- good!!) guilt - acting inconsistently from one's core role structure threat - a comprehensive change in one's core structures (core structures lost validity) fear - a minor change in one's construct system |
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What were Kelly's research emphases and methods? |
idiographic -
it values narratives credulous attitude |
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Explain the Role Construct Repertory Test |
2 steps:
1. generate a list of 22 names important people in one's life 2. group in 3 and describe how 2 are similar and 1 is different |
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Kelly
Contributions |
emphasized cognition
applied value |
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Kelly
Criticisms |
limited empirical research
important aspects of personality neglected/denied difficulty in predicting behavior many unanswered questions |
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Rogers
What is the master motive? |
Actualization Tendency:
basically to stay alive and grow/improve "to actualize, maintain, and enhance the experiencing organism" |
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Rogers
What is the organismic valuing principle? |
What you're using to evaluate something
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Rogers
What is the phenomenological field? |
private reality. each person has their own field.
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Rogers
What is phenomenological reality? |
1
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Rogers
Distinguish experience from awareness |
experience - events that COULD enter field, can experience things you're not aware of.
awareness - events that DO enter field and are symbolized |
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Rogers
Explain the emergence of the self |
the part of the field that is personalized (I, my, mine, me, etc)
--your self concept |
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Rogers
What is positive regard? |
warmth, love, care, respect, acceptance
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Rogers
What is an incongruent person? |
state of discrepancy or disharmony
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Rogers
Explain the conditions of worth, conditional positive regard, and need for self regard |
cond of worth - circumstances to receive positive regard "You're only good when.."
cond positive regard: "I love you when.." leads to incongruent person, anxeity self regard: need to view one's self positively |
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Rogers
What results when an experience threatens the existing self-structure? |
anxiety
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Rogers
What is subception? |
being dimly aware of experience (before it enters field and gets symbolized)
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Rogers
Explain defensiveness, including denial and distortion |
defense - become defensive when dimly aware and subception happens and we don't like it
..denial: deny/ reject experience all together - will not become symbolized ..distortion - falsified. not denying all together but making it better fit self concept (calling a 58% a low D) |
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Rogers
What is unconditional positive regard? |
not circumstantial. always positive regard "I love you always even if.."
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Rogers
What is a congruent person? |
state of consistency or harmony
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Rogers
What are the characteristics of the fully functioning person? |
one who is congruent. open to experiences, existential living (here& now/in the moment), trust in one self, using the organismic valuing process
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Rogers
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1
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Rogers
What are the conditions for positive growth? |
1
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Rogers
What are typical responses to emotional communication? what type of emotional response captures the underlying feeling and encourages further elaboration and exploration? 1 |
1
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Rogers
What were Roger's research emphases and methods? 1 |
1
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Rogers
What is the q-sort technique? |
developed by William Stevenson. 100 cards, sort cards into order of real self, then into order of ideal self.
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Rogers
Contributions |
alternative, positive view of humans
new form of therapy applied value |
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Rogers
Criticisms |
overly simplistic and optimistic approach
failure to credit those who influenced theory aspects of personality ignored (unconscious mind) |
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Maslow
What is Third Force Psychology? |
Humanistic Psychology
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Maslow
What is Second and First Force Psychology? |
2nd - behaviorism
1st - psychoanalysis |
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Maslow
What does humanistic psychology explore and expand on? |
healthy functioning
creativity love/play spontaneity personal growth higher levels of consciousness |
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Maslow
What types of needs related to motivation? |
basic (deficiency) needs: lacking them, looking for what we are lacking
metaneeds (growth needs) - have basic needs met, only about 1% of humans |
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Maslow
What are the levels in the need hierarchy? |
Self Actualization
^^metaneeds Esteem Belongingness and Love Safety Physiological ^^basic needs |
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Maslow
What are the reasons for why only 1% of humans reach the top of the hierarchy? 1 |
1
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Maslow
What are the B-realm and the D-realm? |
B-realm: B-cognition is a passive unfolding of life.
B-love in non-possessive, insatiable. (B is Better) D-realm: need-directed perception D-love is possessive, selfish |
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Maslow
What are transpersonal psychology and positive psychology? |
"fourth force", centered in the cosmos rather than in human needs/interests, seeking mystical , spiritual, or peak experiences
Flow, here and now, positive experiences |
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Maslow
How does positive psychology differ from humanistic psychology? goals of positive psych? explain character and virtues. |
positive experiences. why is one moment better than another?
FLOW (ex- video games) goals? character strengths - 24 virtues - 6 |
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Maslow
Contributions |
vastly increased psychology's domain
(emphasis on healthy individuals) applied value |
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Maslow
Criticisms |
too many exceptions
unscientific approach overly optimistic about human nature several unanswered gestures |
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May
What is existentialism? |
humans as neutral. not good or evil (like the ID)
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May
What are phenomenology and ontology? |
Phen- study of what is in human consciousness. consciousness as subject matter
Onto- study of existence, what it means to be. "what does it mean to be human? a particular human?" people's essence |
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May
What is dasein, and what are the modes of existence? |
dasein - being in the world. a particular person at a particular place at a particular time.
umwelt - physical aspects internal/external environment (nature) mitwelt - realm of relationships eignwelt - consciousness |
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May
What is the human dilemma? |
capable of viewing themselves as object and subject at the same time
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May
What are the human potentials and the ground of existence? |
authenticity & authentic life - exercises free will, establish growth, minimize anxiety
ground of existence/thrownness - no control of traits (race, birth, death, natural disasters) |
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May
What are the types of anxiety and guilt? |
normal anxiety - growth process. normal. shouldnt be eliminated
neurotic anxiety - seeking security, conforming to get rid of anxiety, give up freedom/opp for growth normal guilt - healthy existence and can be constructive neurotic guilt - not dealt with normal guilt. |
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May
What is the diamonic? 1 |
1
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May
What are the types of love? |
sex - biological drive "build up of tensions and release"
eros - desire to form union with another. tender, creative. philia - brotherly love agape - unselfish giving of oneself to another. (mother) |
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May
What are the components intentionality? |
wish - imaginative playing with the possibility of something occurring. ponder course of action
will - the capacity to organize oneself so movement to a goal can happen. from possibilities one chooses meaningful ones and organizes it so goal can be attained |
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May
What were May's research emphasis and methods? goal of psychotherapy? importance of myth? |
new science of humans - animal research in irrelevant. does nt reduce us to traits, brain, events, or experiences. -- takes freedom in account
goal - not to eliminate anxiety, but make it normal not neurotic importance - making sense in a a senseless world, patterns that give meaning |
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May
Contributions |
call for human science
important new way of conceptualizing personality |
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May
Criticisms |
philosophy not psychology
unscientific approach nebulous terminology |