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47 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Who is Sigmund Freud and what is he known for |
founder of psychoanalysis He studied and helped people with a variety of mental disorders.
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Who is Wilhem Wundt is and describe his experiment |
Founder of Psychology Askedparticipants to hit a key 1. When theball hit the platform 2. Whenthey we aware that the ball hit the platform 3. Awarenessis slower Wundtadded key elements to make psychology a science Carefully measured observation experiments |
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nature vs nuture |
-To what extent are our traits -already set at place at birth nature -developin response to our environment/experience how much n/n contributes somethings are mostly genetics/somethings are experience |
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hindsight bias |
I knew it all along High risk of accident in driving a car fastexample |
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The coincidence error |
mistakenlyperceiving order in random events: “the dice must be fixed because you rolledthree sixes in a row” |
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Overconfidenceerror |
“I am sure I am correct” |
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Name the the 3 parts of ScientificAttitude |
Curiosity: Always asking new questions Skepticism: Not accepting a ‘fact’ as true w/ochallenging it; seeing if facts can withstand attempts to disprove them Humility: Refers to seeking the truth ratherthan trying to be right; a scientist needs to be able to accept being wrong |
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define, describe, and provide examples of critical thinking |
Criticalthinking: analyzinginformation, arguments, and conclusions, to decideif they make sense, rather than simply accepting it. Look forhidden assumptions, hidden bias (politics, values, personalconnections)Put aside your own assumptions and bias See if there was a flaw in how the info wascollected Consider other possible explanations |
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identify the stages of the research process |
Theories lead to Hypotheses lead to Research and observations (confirm, reject or revise) |
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Define and describe a Case Study |
Examining oneindividual in depth |
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Define and describe Natural Observation |
Observing “natural” behavior means just watching (and taking notes),and not trying to change anything this could include your presence (ex. Professorat a college party) Jane Goodall did a great job of staying in the backgroundto not to be seen. |
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Define and describe The Survey/Interview |
A method of gathering information about their thoughts and behaviors throughself-report rather than observation. Relies on honesty about topic. (lie tointerviewer and to themselves) |
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describe random sampling and why is it important |
atechnique for making sure that every individual in a population has an equalchance of being in your sample. This is because time and money are a factor. |
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What type of correlation is illustratedin this scatterplot? |
Strong positive |
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describe correlationand interpret correlation coefficients |
Thecorrelation coefficient is a number representing how closely and in what waytwo variables correlate(change together) Correlationis not causation (There could be a third variable)
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howdo we find out about causation? |
Experimentation- manipulating one factor in asituation to determine its effect Ex. Vaccines and autism happen around the sametime |
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the independent variable |
Variable we manipulate |
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dependent variable |
Variablewe expect to experience a change |
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Placebo effect |
experimentaleffects that are caused by expectationsabout the intervention |
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describe the biopsychosocial model |
states that health and illness are determined by a dynamic interaction between biological, psychological, and social factors. |
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label the parts of the neuron and identify their function |
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describe the action potential |
a neural impulse that travels down anaxon like a wave Main point: transfer of negativeand positive ions |
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describe the all-or-noneresponse with action potential |
Once you start the wave, it keeps going. Ex. you either shoot a gun or you don’t, or send a email or you don’t Happens at the same speed no matter what |
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what are neurotransmitters |
chemicals used to send a signal across the synaptic gap. |
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What is the difference between the Central Nervous System and the PeripheralNervous System |
The Central Nervous System (CNS) the brain and spinal cord the body’s decision maker. ThePeripheral Nervous System (CNS) gathers information from the body sends CNS decisions out to the body the nerves from the fingers to the arm is this, Central Nervous system works with it |
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What is the difference between the Autonomic Nervous System and the Somatic Nervous System |
Autonomic- controls self regulated action of internal organs and glands Somatic- controls voluntary movements of skeletal muscles |
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What is the difference between the Sympathetic Nervous System and the Parasympathetic Nervous System |
Sympathetic- arouses(fight-or-flight) Parasympathetic and sympathetic- always looking for equalibrium. calms(rest and digest) |
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describe interneurons and the reflex |
Interneurons in the SpineDecisionsmade without the brain ex. reflex |
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identify and define the 4 tools used to measurebrain activity |
EEG: electroencephalogram- recordingof electrical waves sweeping across the brain’s surface PET: positron emission tomography- traceswhere a radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a given task. MRI: magnetic resonance imaging- makesimagesofbrain structures from signalsproduced by brain tissue after magnets align the spin of atoms. fMRI: functional MRI-revealsbrain activity and function rather thanstructures.
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label the 4 lobes of the brain |
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locate the structures of the brain regions |
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describe the Phineas Gage case -where thebrain damage happened -how ithappened -theeffects of the damage |
In awork accident, a metal rod shot up through his skull, destroying his eye and part of his frontallobes After healing, he was rude, odd,irritable, and unpredictable.Had time management issues |
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what it means to say the brain is “plastic” |
If the brain is damaged, thebrain does not repair damaged neurons, BUT it can restore some functions itcan form new connections, reorganize, reassign brain areas to new functions. Plasticity: The Brain is Adaptable |
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Be able to describe the split brain studies -why wasthe operation performed -how did iteffect the day to day life of the individuals -how were the scientists able to use these patients tounderstand how the brain processes information |
Toend severe whole-brain seizures, some people have had surgery to cut the corpuscallosum, a band of axons connecting thehemispheres |
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what is the meaning of lateralization and be able toidentify some brain functions that are lateralized |
Lateralization(“goingto one side”)The two hemispheres serve somedifferent functions Brainscan studies show normal individuals engage their right brain when completing aperceptual task and their left brain when carrying out a linguistic task |
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What are stimulants? give examples |
Increasesneural activity effects: DilatedpupilslIncreasedbreathing and heart ratelIncreasedblood sugarlDecreasedappetite Nicotine, cocaine, meth |
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What are Depressants? give examples |
Reduces(depresses) neural activity Inhalants (Glue,Kerosene, Butane) Barbiturates Alcohol, Opiates |
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what are the different types of opiates |
codeine, fentanyl, hydrocodone |
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What is the difference between physical dependence andpsychological dependence |
physical dependence, the body has been altered in waysthat create cravings for the drug (e.g. to end withdrawal symptoms psychologicaldependence, a person’s resources for copingwith daily life wither as a drug becomes “needed” to relax, socialize, or sleep. |
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define hypnosis -be able to discuss thedifference between “entertaining” and “clinical” -be able todiscuss the characteristics of those who are more easily hypnotized |
Analtered state of consciousness Hypnoticsusceptibility is the degree to which a person responds to hypnotic suggestions –20% of people are highly hypnotizable Moreeasily absorbed in imaginative activities Ableto focus and lose themselves in fantasy |
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describe the different theories of why we dream |
Wishfulfillment- Dreamsprovide “psychic safety valve”; express otherwise unacceptable feelings, andcontain both manifest(remembered) content and a latentcontent (hidden meaning). Information-processing-Dreamshelp us sort the day’s events and consolidate memories Physiological function- Regular brain stimulation fromREM sleep may help develop and preserve neural pathways. Activation-synthesis- REMsleep triggers impulses that evoke random visual memories, which areinterpreted into stories Cognitive-developmental theory-Dreamcontent reflects the dreamers’ cognitive development—his or her knowledge andunderstanding
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the age differences in sleep needs |
Age:in general, newborns need 16 hours of sleep, while adults need 8 hours or less§§Individual(genetic) variation: some people function best with 6 hours, others with 9 |
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What stage alpha waves, delta wave,K-complexes, and sleep spindles occur in |
Stage 2: sleep spindles and k complex stage 3: sleep spindles, delta REM: alpha |
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to identify the various altered states and formsof consciousness |
Spontaneously: daydreaming, drowsiness, dreaming physiologically: hallucinations, orgasm, food or oxygen starvation psychologically: sensory deprivation, hypnosis, meditation |
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What is the difference between consciousness andunconsciousness |
Conscious “high” track:our minds take deliberate actions we know we are doing Examples: problem solving, naming an object,reading a text Unconscious“low” track:our minds perform automaticactions, often without being aware ofthemExamples: walking, acquiring phobias, watching traffic |
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define selectiveattention and explain how it is related to the concept of inattentional blindness |
Selectiveattention–The focusing of conscious awareness on aparticular stimulus Inattentionalblindness–Failing to see visible objects when ourattention is directed elsewhere–Change blindness/choice blindness (gorilla coming through when people are passing a basketball |
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define circadianrhythms and what changes during the 24-ish hour cycle
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refers to the body’s natural24-hour cycle,roughly matching day/night cycle of light and dark. what changes: bodytemperature arousal/energy mentalsharpness |