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44 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
Anomie theory
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Durkham - deviance enforces moral boundaries but too much change too quickly results in dysfunctional levels of deviance.
Deviance reduces societal tension (scapegoats, letting of steam) |
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Letting off steam
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Returns deviants to acceptable roles
-socialization (realized rule returns to norm) -profit (people who follow profit) -coercion (through punishment) -persuasion ( advertising, religious talks etc) |
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Anomie & strain theory
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Deviance comes from individuals and structure of society through inability for some people to meet institutionalized goals and legitimate means
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Anomie
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Imbalance between goals and means; lack of usual social or ethical standards
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Normative social order
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Not everyone equal access to legitimate opportunities
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Strain
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Blocked opportunities in some parts of society between goals and means
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5 ways to adapt to strain
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-conformity: accepts both means and goals
-innovation: accepts goals but not means -ritualism: gives up on goals but continues with means -retreatism: reject both (drug and alcohol abuse) -rebellion: substitute goals and means with new ones (Louis riel, Nelson Mandela) |
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Empirical research
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Studied innovation and retreatism
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Differential opportunity theory
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Cloward & ohlin: society structure results in different access to legitimate means. Some people more likely to be deviant if exposed to lots of deviance growing up
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General strain theory
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Agnew: deviance emerges only when couples with negative effect not only strain.
Strain produced: unable to achieve goals, positive stimuli taken away, negative stimuli added |
How is strain produced
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Negative effects
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Anger, depression and anxiety if perceived as unjust, severe or individual lacks control over situation (bullying)
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Status frustration theory
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Cohen: middle class classroom. Inequalities in classroom reproduced from society resulting in delinquent classes of lower class boys
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Middle class measuring rod
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Lower class boys have to live up to it, schools emphasis delayed gratification, politeness and value of hardwork which may not fit their life
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Status frustration
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Unable to succeed according to classroom similar to strain
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Mutual conversion
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Join together with similar lower class boys with same experience
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Reaction formation
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Develop different standards which they can succeeds
Delayed gratification --> hedonistic |
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Learning theories
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Explain deviant behavior as a result f learning process
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Differential association theory
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Sutherland: different behaviors learned and developed due to differential association. Deviance learned same way as conformity
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Interaction factors causing largest impact on a person
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Frequency: more interactions = more influence
Duration: longer duration = more influence Priority: smaller groups earlier in life = greater influence Intensity = more important = more influence |
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Neutralization theory
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Skye's & matza: agree with Sutherland but also motives leaned. Learned rationalization of deviant behavior
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Neutralization theory
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Skye's & matza: agree with Sutherland but also motives leaned. Learned rationalization of deviant behavior
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Techniques of neutralization
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1. Denial of responsibility: shifts blame elsewhere
2. Denial of injury: not hurting anyone 3. Denial d victim: victim deserving of fate 4. Condemnation: shifts focus to someone else's deviant behavior 5. Appeal to higher loyalties: series higher purpose, acknowledges violated norms but for more important ones |
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Neutralization theory
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Skye's & matza: agree with Sutherland but also motives leaned. Learned rationalization of deviant behavior
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Techniques of neutralization
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1. Denial of responsibility: shifts blame elsewhere
2. Denial of injury: not hurting anyone 3. Denial d victim: victim deserving of fate 4. Condemnation: shifts focus to someone else's deviant behavior 5. Appeal to higher loyalties: series higher purpose, acknowledges violated norms but for more important ones |
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Social learning theory
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Highlights learning in behaviors in general; behaviors influenced by observed people and our own experiences
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Neutralization theory
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Skye's & matza: agree with Sutherland but also motives leaned. Learned rationalization of deviant behavior
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Techniques of neutralization
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1. Denial of responsibility: shifts blame elsewhere
2. Denial of injury: not hurting anyone 3. Denial d victim: victim deserving of fate 4. Condemnation: shifts focus to someone else's deviant behavior 5. Appeal to higher loyalties: series higher purpose, acknowledges violated norms but for more important ones |
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Social learning theory
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Highlights learning in behaviors in general; behaviors influenced by observed people and our own experiences
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Akers
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Dimensions of social structure create different contexts which wanting occurs for different people
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Neutralization theory
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Skye's & matza: agree with Sutherland but also motives leaned. Learned rationalization of deviant behavior
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Techniques of neutralization
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1. Denial of responsibility: shifts blame elsewhere
2. Denial of injury: not hurting anyone 3. Denial d victim: victim deserving of fate 4. Condemnation: shifts focus to someone else's deviant behavior 5. Appeal to higher loyalties: series higher purpose, acknowledges violated norms but for more important ones |
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Social learning theory
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Highlights learning in behaviors in general; behaviors influenced by observed people and our own experiences
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Akers
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Dimensions of social structure create different contexts which wanting occurs for different people
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Dimensions of social structures
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1. Differential social organization: demographic characteristics
2. Differential location in social stricter: ethnicity, gender, eduction 3. Theoretical definitions: anomie, conflict, social disorganization 4. Differential social location: individuals membership to different groups |
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Social control theories
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Tries to explain why all people don't become deviant if inherently attractive (only through higher levels of social control that we don't become deviant)
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Social control theories
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Tries to explain why all people don't become deviant if inherently attractive (only through higher levels of social control that we don't become deviant)
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4 types of social bonds
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1. Attachment: greater emotional attachment to others more bound to conformity (doesn't matter who) 2. Commitment to conformity 3. Involvement in conventional activities 4. Belief - in norms, values and assumptions.
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Self control theory
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Hirischi & gottfredson: self control central to explain why some people predispositions to be deviant.
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Self control theory
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Hirischi & gottfredson: self control central to explain why some people predispositions to be deviant.
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Low self control
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Impulsivity, simple tasks, risk seeking, physical tasks, quick temper, self centered (more likely to engage in deviant behaviors)
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Functionalist theories
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1.Anomie theory (Durkham)
2.Anomie and strain theory (Merton) 3.Differential opportunity theory (cloward and ohlin) 4.General strain theory (Agnew) 5.Status frustration theory (Cohen) |
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Functionalist theories
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1.Anomie theory (Durkham)
2.Anomie and strain theory (Merton) 3.Differential opportunity theory (cloward and ohlin) 4.General strain theory (Agnew) 5.Status frustration theory (Cohen) |
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Learning theories
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1. Differential association theory (Sutherland)
2. Neutralization theory (Skye's and matza) 3. Social learning theory (Akers?) |
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Social control theories
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1. Social bonds theory (hirischi)
2. Self control theory (hirischi and gottfredson) |
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