Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
95 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
As Compared With Paleolithic and Neolithic societies, the agriculture of civilizations
|
Changed man’s physical environment
|
|
The period of the Neolithic Revolutions and river valley civilizations ended when
|
Various civilizations first established contacts between regions
|
|
The first truly revolutionary transformation of human society was
|
The Agricultural Revolution
|
|
In most ancient and classical civilizations and societies, priests developed considerable social power and influence because they
|
Interpreted the god’s wishes and placated the deities
|
|
Which of these is an example of patriarchal society in the classical world:
|
After marriage, a woman moved to the residence of her husband’s family
|
|
Periodic nomadic invasions in the early history of Eurasia
|
Caused disruptions, but facilitated innovations and prompted synthesis
|
|
Unlike Sumer and Egypt, the Indus Valley or Harappan civilization
|
Had a system of writing that has never been translated
|
|
Compared with river valley cultures in Egypt and Mesopotamia, civilizations in China
|
Probably developed after civilizations in the Nile Valley and Southwest Asia
|
|
Classical China and the post-classical Muslim world are similar in that unity and cultural identity were provided by
|
Commonalities of the spoken or written language
|
|
In order to counterbalance feudalism and its tendency to decentralize ruling power, and in order to maintain their influence, leaders in Japan, China, and Western Europe
|
Created strong national armies capable of suppressing aristocratic independence
|
|
Peasants in Zhou China, serfs in Medieval Europe, or slaves in Aryan India
|
Were burdened by obligations to the rulers and local nobles
|
|
Classical differed from river valley civilizations in all of these ways EXCEPT:
|
Classic religions were largely monotheistic or atheistic
|
|
Historically, pastoral nomads
|
Lived on grassy plains of the continents where sedentary agriculture was very difficult
|
|
In comparison to women in sedentary societies, women in nomadic, pastoral societies
|
Belonged to paternalistic societies as strong as any sedentary society
|
|
All these actions and responses typified contact between sedentary and nomadic peoples EXCEPT:
|
Acceptance of each other and each other’s ways of life.
|
|
Confucianism, Daoism, and Legalism, as well as Buddhism
|
Originated as responses to societal problems during times of disruption
|
|
Although they varied greatly in wealth and social status in the classical world
|
The commoners, especially the peasants, remained the largest group
|
|
Women in most Classical Age societies
|
At all class levels, were legally subordinated to fathers and husbands.
|
|
Rural population pressures in classical societies such as China, India, and Rome
|
Were avoided by infanticide, high death rates, and selling children into slavery
|
|
Despite their material success and increased wealth, in China and Rome
|
Merchants often ranked below peasants and had little societal influence
|
|
The major impact of Alexander the Great’s conquest was
|
The spread of Greek culture throughout the Eastern Mediterranean, Southwest Asia, and into India
|
|
In comparison to the Hindus, Persians, and Jews, religiously, the Greeks
|
Never developed a major religion
|
|
Much of what is called classical Greek and Chinese Philosophy taced its origins to
|
Cultural crisis and intellectual uncertainty that followed prolonged periods of war
|
|
Unlike Qin legalist philosophy, Roman imperial law
|
Was intolerant of innovation
|
|
What sentence BEST describes both Roman and Chinese gender relations
|
While subordinate, Roman women were considerably freer than their Chinese counterpart
|
|
Far more than classical Greece, India, or China, slavery in Rome
|
Dominated the labor markets – Rome became dependant on slavery
|
|
With regard to merchants, classical civilizations in Rome Greece, China, and India
|
Were ambivalent towards merchants despite the vital roles in commerce
|
|
The major difference between Buddhism and Hinduism was
|
Buddhism denied the need for castes, rites, and sacrifice to achieve nirvana
|
|
Although the Mayas developed similarly to other civilizations, they never
|
Progressed much past Neolithic technologies
|
|
When the Bantu migrated, they
|
Spread agriculture, crops, and Iron technologies across much of Africa
|
|
Contacts in China introduced all of these to Japan EXCEPT:
|
Patriarchal and patrilineal family relationships
|
|
All of these must generally occur for a new period in world history to begin EXCEPT:
|
Nomadic peoples must overrun sedentary civilizations
|
|
At the end of the Classical Age
|
There was a religious upsurge as a result of social and economic problems
|
|
In comparison with the end of the classical civilizations in China and India, the collapse of the Empire was
|
More severe and extensive than elsewhere
|
|
In contrast to Mahayana Buddhism, as Christianity evolved and spread, it
|
Was intolerant of other faiths
|
|
All of these developments characterize the Post-classical age EXCEPT the:
|
Domination of the Atlantic and Mediterranean by Christian Europeans
|
|
The leading civilization during the Post-classical Era (450-1450 C.E.) was
|
Islam
|
|
One of the strengths of Islam that made it a successful universalizing faith similar to Christianity and Buddhism was its
|
Egalitarianism that transcended previous loyalties, ethnicities, or allegiances
|
|
The pillar of Islam that helped create the first trans-regional civilization was
|
The pilgrimage by the faithful to Mecca
|
|
Initially, Islam, with regard to women and gender roles
|
Greatly strengthened the position of women
|
|
Unlike merchants in classical civilizations, Muslim traders
|
Acquired great wealth and were protected and encouraged by Muslim states
|
|
Acquired great wealth and were protected and encouraged by Muslim states
|
Were Turkish-speaking slave armies used by Muslims
|
|
The Seljuks
|
Settled in the lands of modern Turkey and became the Abbasids’ protector
|
|
The impact of the Crusades
|
Was greater on the Europeans because it brought Europe into contact with Muslim civilizations and their accomplishments
|
|
Contacts between Hindus and Muslims led to
|
The absorption by the Muslims of many Hindu social practices
|
|
Unlike the Americas, sub-Saharan Africa
|
Was never totally isolated from other civilizations
|
|
Sub-Saharan African societies are similar to Latin American Indian societies in that both
|
Are so numerous that it is impossible to generalize about them
|
|
Prior to the 15th century C.E., Islam spread through West and East Africa and Southeast Asia by
|
Prior to the 15th century C.E., Islam spread through West and East Africa and Southeast Asia by
|
|
The slave trade from West Africa to the Muslim world
|
Preferred male slaves for administration and military occupations
|
|
As had Hammurabi’s Code (Mesopotamia), Justinian’s Code (Byzantine)
|
Became the basic unified law code for states, which existed after its original creator
|
|
Within the Byzantine state, as had been the case with government in most of the dynasties of China, the chief power and influence was
|
Emperors and their trained bureaucrats
|
|
Unlike monarchs in western Europe, but like the caliphs, the Byzantine emperors
|
Headed both church and state; there was no separation of power
|
|
When scholars began to study Greek classics, most early Western Euro intellectuals
|
Found the Greek notion of reason troubling because it questions faith
|
|
Manorialism in Medieval Europe was characterized by all of these conditions EXCEPT:
|
Manors and peasants depended on merchants for most necessities
|
|
European serfs differed from slaves in that
|
They could not be bought or sold and owned some of the land they farmed
|
|
As happened in the Fertile Crescent, India, and China, the fall of civilizations in the Americans was often due to
|
Migrating nomadic invaders
|
|
Neo-Confucianism
|
Emphasized tradition, authority, and harmony, at the expense of innovation
|
|
Both foot binding in China and the harem and veil in Islam
|
Symbolized the increasing subordination of women to men
|
|
Taug military expansion into central Asia
|
Taug military expansion into central Asia
|
|
The only indigenous aspect of Japanese culture during the Heian era was
|
Shinto
|
|
The group that most directly challenged Chinese influences in Japan and Vietnam during the Post-Classical era was
|
Aristocrats and local provincial administrators
|
|
The usual pattern for relations among China and its neighbors in the post-classical periods was
|
For states to acknowledge Chinese superiority, pay tribute, but remain independent
|
|
Although the Mongols were often brutal, they were
|
Tolerant of religious differences and supportive of trade
|
|
Pastoral nomads from the Central Asian steppe who has threatened sedentary civilizations throughout world history included all of these EXCEPT:
|
Bantu
|
|
The greatest long-term demographic impact of Mongol unification of Central Eurasia was the
|
Spread of the Black Death from China to Europe and the Muslim world
|
|
The transformation that most immediately weakened the power and influence of pastoral nomads over sedentary Civilization was due to
|
Newer technologies, especially weapons, used by the sedentary civilizations
|
|
Besides the Italian city-states, the geographic region or state in West Europe MOST supportive of change at the end of the post-classical era was
|
The Iberian Peninsula (Spain and Portugal)
|
|
The major barrier to West European expansion prior to the 15th century C.E. was the
|
Low level of European technology
|
|
The Ming Chinese naval expeditions of the early 15th century C.E.
|
Ended because they challenged Confucian values and typical expenditures
|
|
All of these events led to the weakening or end of Medieval west European institutions EXCEPT:
|
The Ottoman Turk invasion of Western Europe
|
|
A major feature of the early modern globalization of international trade was the
|
Unequal commercial relationships and the dependence of many states on Europe
|
|
Unequal commercial relationships and the dependence of many states on Europe
|
The first truly global world trade network
|
|
Fundamental to the European acquisition of colonies between 1450 and 1750 was
|
European naval and maritime technologies
|
|
All world labor systems during the Early Modern period can be characterized as
|
Largely unfree
|
|
The Columbian exchanges involved all of these global movements EXCEPT:
|
Indian populations were resettled to the pacific Islands and African lands
|
|
The Renaissance was largely influenced and financed by
|
The urban environment and commercial economy
|
|
Renaissance humanism would be most comfortable with which belief system’s values & ideas
|
Hellenism
|
|
The fragmentation of Christianity during the Reformations into the Catholic and Protestant sects most closely resembles
|
Sunni-Shia divisions within Islam over political leadership of the Muslim community
|
|
West European monarchs employed all of these methods to win control of their states EXCEPT:
|
Allowing representative assemblies to make and pass laws
|
|
The main reason European conquerors and navigators were able to sail and continue to explore, and the reason the Ming Chinese fleets in the Indian Ocean failed, was
|
European governments supported and encouraged overseas expeditions; the Ming didn’t
|
|
European nations acquired their first colonies in the Americas
|
Following the conquests by military, gold-seeking adventurers
|
|
In Africa during the Early Modern period, Europeans
|
Had to negotiate with African kings, who controlled the slave trade
|
|
All of Russia’s reforms under Peter the Great were largely attempts to
|
Modernize the state and strengthen the army in order to conquer desired lands
|
|
Modernization and westernization in Russia under Peter the Great and Catherine the Great did not include
|
Liberalizing state policies and tolerating democratic ideas
|
|
In comparison with American slaves, Russian serfs
|
Could neither be owned nor sold
|
|
The greatest source of social unrest in early modern Russia was
|
The lack of real reform, especially rights for the serfs
|
|
These Iberian traits influenced Spain & Portugal colonial pattern & society in Americas EXCEPT:
|
Local political and religious autonomy
|
|
The Spanish assimilation of the American peoples and the replacement of Indian by Spanish cultures were facilitated by
|
The demographic decline of Indian population caused by European diseases
|
|
The export of silver from the Americas led to all of these EXCEPT:
|
The discouragement of foreign rivals and pirates
|
|
Within the Spanish American Empire, the Roman Catholic Church
|
Supported the state, influenced cultural life, and defended Indian rights
|
|
Under the doctrine of mercantilism, Spain & Portugal encouraged their Latin American colonies to
|
Buy manufactured goods only from the mother country
|
|
What event was most directly responsible for the rise of the gunpowder empires in Turkey, Iran, and India and similar states in Tsarist Russia and Ming China
|
The Mongol Empire and its khanates collapsed
|
|
The Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal empires possessed all of these EXCEPT:
|
All ruled predominantly Muslim populations
|
|
All ruled predominantly Muslim populations
|
Ignored and looked down upon all things European, which later hurt them
|
|
Which of these statements about women in India during the Mughal Empire is TRUE:
|
The birth of girls was seen as an unlucky event
|