Dry macular degeneration occurs in eighty-five percent of people with the disease and has varying results with the most common being the need for more light, blurred vision, and less vivid color (Degner, par.3-5) . Both dry and wet macular degeneration can be caused by looking closely into the blue-violet light of a computer for an exceedingly long duration of time, which causes eyestrain (“Smartphone Overuse”, par. 4-7). Blue-violet light emitted at higher levels by smartphones and other technological devices, reaches deeper into the eye than other wavelengths in the light spectrum, and causes eyestrain and damages the back of the eye (Dunbar and Melton, par. 6-8, 13-15).…
By adding diazoxide, which is an activator of the potassium channel, the membrane would depolarize, thereby increasing the absorption. The blockage of the mitochondrial KATP channel with the VU591 inhibitor would prevent the membrane from depolarizing. However, the addition of the FCCP uncoupler would cause an instant depolarization. Oligomycin is an antibiotic that acts by binding ATP synthase to block the proton channel, but FCCP activates the proton conductance, causing the instant depolarization. Refer to Figure 1 for a visual representation of the expected outcomes.…
However, there are a great deal of muscles and nerves in the forearm. When a nerve impulse transmission to synaptosomes induced depolarization, allows calcium ions to enter the cell membrane, the synaptic vesicles move forward and release acetylcholine (ACH). ACH combined with membrane receptors on the endplate cause electronic potentials, potassium and sodium ions exchanging start to spread both sides of muscle cell membrane to form the action potentials, and long with the cell membrane so that both sides of the terminal cistern will release Ca2+, Ca2+ and troponin binding to change tropomyosin, let actin exposed binding site to the cross bridge.…
and then travels to the end of the motor neuron. The motor end plate is protected by a phospholipid bilayer that has acetylcholine receptors that allow acetylcholine to flow from the synaptic cleft into the motor end plate. When acetylcholine attaches to the acetylcholine receptors, it activates sodium channels to open. Sodium channels open and let positively charged sodium ions rapidly into the motor end plate, while potassium ions are slowly kicked out of the charged environment in the motor end plate. This is the first step of skeletal muscle fiber excitation, where our nervous system sends a nerve signal to our muscle fibers to go from a relaxed position to a contracted position by producing tension on the skeletal muscle of an area to cause the body to move.…
It is hypothesized that motor proteins, dynein and kinesin control the transport of melanosomes into melanocyte dendrites as it is the net sum of cytoskeletal forces on an organelle that regulate intracellular transport. Dynein typically walk towards the minus-end of a microtubule in retrograde transport while kinesin move towards the plus-end in anterograde transport in neurons. The purpose of the article was to determine the role and effect of cytoplasmic dynein in melanosome transport in human melanocytes (1). Located in the basal layer of the epidermis, melanocytes produce melanin by inserting granules of melanin into melanosomes (2). Melanosomes are the site of synthesis, storage, and transport of melanin pigments that reside in the matrix…
II.I How it is use? Muscle contraction requires the use of ATP molecules. Indeed, muscle cells are composed of contractile elements: sarcomeres. Muscle contraction is due to the slippage of myosin fibers on the actin fibers.…
An inherited disorder identified as Alpha-1 Antitrypsin is a commonly disregarded source of lung disease. (1) To begin, this essay will include a general description of the disorder, highlight the pattern of inheritance, biology of the condition and lastly, how the condition can be inherited or diagnosed. The disorder induces low levels of the Alpha-1 antitrypsin protein in the blood, essentially harming the lungs and in return making the simple task of breathing increasingly difficult for the affected individual. (4) This A1AT protein is produced in the liver and subsequently pumped into the bloodstream, therefore regulation of the protein is necessary in order to maintain and protect the lungs.…
These bands do not let light pass through. The light bands are between the dark bands, they are made up of actin protein and let light pass through them (Martini & Nath,2014…
What is OSAP? The Ontario Student Assistance Program or OSAP is an Ontario and federal government funded program aiding students with funding their post-secondary education. OSAP offers grants; free money that does not have to be paid back and student loans that have to be paid back. OSAP offers money to students attending any public or private postsecondary schools in the world, as long as OSAP recognizes it.…
Alkaline phosphatase (AP) is a homodimeric enzyme complex that is commonly found in a wide range of organisms, from bacteria to all tissues of the human body. AP is a zinc metalloenzyme (1), in which metal ions play a key role in the regulation of catalytic activities and stabilization of enzyme-substrate complex. As proposed by Gettins and Coleman using NMR studies (10), each active site of AP comprises of three metal binding sites, which acknowledged as M1, M2, and M3. Two zinc ions bind to the M1 and M2 sites while a magnesium ion occupies M3. Zn ions are necessary for AP to function effectively in order to activate the binding of phosphate and forming of phosphoseryl intermediate (1).…
Diabetes is a destructive disease, especially when it is undiagnosed, untreated, or unmanaged. Vision loss and blindness can happen if a diabetic does not take action to keep glucose levels under control. Understanding how diabetes affect the retina is critical for diabetics. The Damage that Diabetes Does After developing diabetes, the body loses its ability to regulate glucose levels in the blood stream.…
Action potential should travel in one direction and can only be generated if a threshold potential difference is established. The postsynaptic membrane has receptors that are specific to one neurotransmitter. There are a lot more stages of the process of neural communication that are still being studied in modern Neuroscience. Learning about neural communication has been very essential in Science and Medicine. Complications in neural communication results in decreased quality of life in organisms, therefore it is essential to understand the basis of neural communication so as to be able to correctly direct our current research on how to tackle these…
Describe the signalling pathways downstream of the heterotrimeric G proteins Gs, Gi and Gq G-Proteins are one of the largest families of proteins in the body and are involved in many physiological pathways. G-proteins alter the levels of second messengers in the cell. Inactive G-proteins are always associated with the membrane. G-Proteins are heterotrimeric i.e. they have three different subunits: the largest sub unit, the alpha subunit (Gα); beta subunit (Gβ) and gamma subunit (Gγ). The Gβ and Gγ tend to stick together essentially forming a single sub unit in signalling pathways.…
Positively charged ions are pumped through the membrane creating a slightly more negative atmosphere inside the cell then the outside. This action causes the cell membrane to be polarized. Positively charged ions are kept out and only make it back in through special membrane gate channels which can open and close and these channels are distributed along the axons and dendrites. Changes in the environment stimulate the normally closed channels on the axon to swing open and allow positive charges to rush in through the action of depolarization. This activity causes the next area of the axon to become depolarized resulting in the opening of the neighboring gate.…
Therefore if the eye needs more light to see the pupil will allow more light to come in and if less light is needed the pupil will only allow a certain portion of light to come in. The colored part of the eye that people are most attracted to is known as the…