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52 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
List the blood vessels in the order a RBC passes through them as it leaves the heart, travels to a tissue, and returns to the heart |
1. Elastic artery 2. Muscular artery 3. Arteriole 4. Venule 5. Vein |
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List the structures in the order a RBC encounters them as it passes through a tissue |
1. Metarteriole 2. Thoroughfare channel 3. Precapillary sphincter |
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In which vessels are elastic fibers present in the largest amounts? |
Large arteries |
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Comparing and contrasting arteries and veins, veins have |
Valves, but arteries do not |
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The structures that supply the walls of blood vessels with blood are |
Vaso vasorum |
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Which arteries have direct connections with the cerebral arterial circle (circle of Willis)? |
Basilar and internal carotid |
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List vessels in order, from the aorta to the right hand |
1. Brachiocephalic artery 2. Subclavian artery 3. Acillary artery 4. Brachial artery 5. Radial artery |
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A branch of the aorta that supplies the liver, stomach, and spleen is the |
Celiac trunk |
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List the arteries in order, from the aorta to the knee |
1. Common iliac 2. External iliac 3. Femoral 4. Popliteal |
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List the veins in order, from the brain to the heart |
Venous sinus Internal jugular Brachiocephalic Superior vena cava |
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Blood returning from the arm to the subclavian vein passes through which veins? |
Cephalic, basilic, and brachial |
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List the vessels in order, from the small intestine to the inferior vena cava |
Superior mesenteric artery, hepatic portal vein, hepatic vein |
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Which veins are superficial? |
Small saphenous and great saphenous |
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Vascular compliance is |
The increase in vessel volume divided by the increase in vessel pressure |
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The resistance to blood flow is greatest in the |
Arterioles |
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Veins |
Increase their volume because of their large compliance |
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Local direct control of blood flow through a tissue |
- maintains adequate rate of flow despite large changes in arterial BP - results from relaxation and contraction of precapillary sphincters - occurs in response to a buildup in CO2 in the tissues - occurs in response to a decrease in O2 in the tissues |
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An increase in MAP can result from |
- an increase in PR - an increase in HR - an increase in SV |
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When blood O2 levels markedly decrease, the chemoreceptor reflex causes |
MAP to increase |
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When BP is suddenly decreased a small amount (10mmHg), which mechanism is activated to restore BP to normal levels? |
Baroreceptor reflexes |
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A sudden release of epinephrine from the adrenal medulla |
- increases HR - increases SV - causes vasoconstriction in visceral blood vessels |
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In response to a decrease in BP |
- ADH secretion increases - the kidneys decrease urine production - BV increases |
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In response to a decrease in BP |
The kidneys retain more salts and water than normal |
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a patient is found to have severe arteriosclerosis of the renal arteries, which has reduced renal BP. Wjat is consistent with that condition? |
Hypertension |
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During exercise, the BF through skeletal muscle may increase up to 20-fold. However, the cardiac output does not increase that much. Thia occurs because of |
- vasoconstriction in the viscera - vasoconstriction in the skin (at least temporarily) - vasodilation of skeletal muscle blood vessels |
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The lymphatic system |
- removes excess fluid from tissues - absorbs lipids from the digestive tract - defends the body against microorganisms and other foreign substances |
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Lymphatic vessels |
Empty into lymph nodes |
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The tonsils |
- consist of large groups of lymphatic nodules - protect against bacteria - can become chronically infected - decrease in size in adults |
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Lymph nodes |
- filter lymph - are where lymphocytes divide and increase in number - contain a network of reticular fibers - contain lymphatic sinuses |
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What is true about the spleen? |
- the spleen has white pulp associated with arteries - the spleen has red pulp associated with the veins - the spleen destroys defective RBCs - the spleen is a limited reservoir for blood |
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What is not true about the spleen? |
The spleen is surrounded by trabeculae located outside the capsule |
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The thymus |
Produces lymphocytes that move to other lymphatic tissue |
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Give an example of innate immunity |
- tears and saliva wash away microorganisms - basophils release histamine and leukotrienes - neutrophils phagocytize a microorganism - the complement cascade is activated |
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Neutrophils |
Account for most of the dead cells in pus |
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Macrophages |
Are large, phagocytic cells that outlive neutrophils |
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Which cell is the most important in the release of histamine, which promotes inflammation? |
Mast cell |
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Which occurs during the inflammatory response? |
- release of histamien and other chemical mediators - chemotaxis of phagocytes - increased permeability of blood vessels - entry of fibrinogen into tissues from the blood |
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Which does not occur during the inflammatory response? |
Vasoconstriction of blood vessels |
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Antigens |
- are foreign substances introduced into the body - are molecules produced by the body - stimulate an adequate immune system response |
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B cells |
Originate in red bone marrow |
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MHC molecules |
- are glycoproteins - attach to the plasma membrane - have a variable region that can bind to foreign antigens and self antigens - may form an MHC-antigen complex that activated T cells |
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What participates in costimulation? |
- cytokines |
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Helper T cells |
- respond to antigens from macrophages - respond to cytokines from macrophages - stimulate B cells with cytokines |
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What is the most important function of tolerance? |
Prevent the immune system from responding to self antigens |
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Variable amino acid sequences on the arms of the antibody molecule |
Mark the antibody specific for a given antigen |
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Antibodies |
Promote phagocytosis |
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The secondary antibody response |
Prevents disease symptoms from occurring |
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What type of lymphocyte is responsible for the secondary antibody response? |
Memory B cell |
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The largest percentage of antibodies in the blood are |
IgG |
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The largest percentage of antibodies in the blood are |
IgG |
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Antibody-mediated immunity |
Is responsible for immediate hypersensitivity reactions |
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The activation of cytotoxic T cells can result in |
- lysis of virus infected cells - producruin of cytokines - production of memory T cells |