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57 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Abdomen |
Large oral cavity extending from the diaphragm down to the brim of the pelvis
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Viscera
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All the internal organs inside the abdominal cavity
- should know their location |
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Solid Viscera
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Those that maintain a characteristic shape (liver, pancreas, spleen, adrenal glands, kidneys, ovaries, and uterus)
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Hollow Viscera
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Stomach, Gallbladder, Small Instestine, Colon, & Bladder
- shape depends on the contents - usually not palpable |
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Spleen
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A soft mass of lymphatic tissue on the posterolateral wall of the abdominal cavity, immediately under the diaphragm
- not normally palpable |
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Aorta
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Just to the left of midline in the upper part of the abdomen
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Pancreas
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A soft lobulated gland located behind the stomach
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Kidneys
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Bean shaped retroperitoneal, or poserior to the abdominal contents
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Costovertebral Angle
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The 12th rib forms an angle with the vertebral column
- the left kidney lies here at the 11th and 12th ribs |
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Right Kidney
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Because of the placement of the liver it rests 1 - 2 cm lower than the left kidney and sometimes may be palpable
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Abdominal Wall
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Divided into 4 quadrants by a vertical and a horizontal line bisecting the umbilicus
- RUQ, LUQ, RLQ, LLQ |
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Common causes of constipation
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Decreased physical activity
Inadequate intake of water Low fiber diet Side effects of medications Irritable bowel syndrome Bowel obstruction Hypothyroidism Inadequate toilet facilities |
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Lactose Intolerant
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Low lactase activity, have abdominal pain, bloating, and flatulence when milk products are consumed
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Abdominal Subjective Data
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Appetite, dysphagia, food intolerance, abdominal pain, nausea/vomiting, bowel habits, abdominal history, medications, nutritional assessment
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Anorexia
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Loss of appetite that occurs with gastrointestinal disease, a side effect to some medications, with pregnancy, or with psychological disorders
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Dysphagia
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Occurs with disorders of the throat or esophagus
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Food intolerence
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e.g., lactase deficiency resulting in bloating or excessive gas after taking milk products
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Pyrosis
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Heartburn, a burning sensation in esophagus and stomach from reflux of gastric acid
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Eructation
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Belching
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Types of abdominal pain
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Visceral - from an internal organ
Parietal - from inflammation of overlying peritoneum Referred - from a disorder in another site |
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Nausea/vomiting
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A common side effect of many medications, with gastrointestinal disease, early pregnancy
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Hematemesis
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Occurs with stomach or duodenal ulcers and esophageal varices
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Bowel Habits
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Black stools may be tarry due to occult blood (melena) from gastrointestinal bleeding or non tarry from iron medications.
Grey stools occur with hepatitis. Red blood in stools occurs with gastrointestinal bleeding or localized bleeding around the anus |
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Medications
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Peptic ulcer disease occurs with frequent use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), alcohol, smoking, and helicobacter pylori infection
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Nutritional assessment
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Via 24-hour recall
- may not be sufficient because daily pattern may vary |
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Pica
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Although a toddler may attempt nonfoods at some time, he or she should recognize edibles by age 2
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Anorexia Nervosa
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A serious psycological disorder that includes loss of appetite, voluntary starvation, and grave weight loss.
May agument weight loss by purging and use of laxative |
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Equipment for objective data
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Stethoscope, small cm ruler, skin marking pen, and alcohol wipe.
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Abnormal Contour
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scaphoid abdomen, protuberant abdomen, abdominal distension
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Abnormal Symmetry
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bulges, masses.
Hernia - protrusion of abdominal viscera through abnormal opening in muscle wall |
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Contour
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Describes the nutrtional state and normally ranges from flat to rounded
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Normal Symmetry
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Should be symmetrical bilaterally, abdomen should stay smooth and symmetrical when person takes deep breath
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Abnormal Umbilicus
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Everted with acites or underlying mass, deeply sunken with obesity, enlarged and everted with umbilical hernia, bluish periumbilical color occurs with intra-abdominal bleeding (Cullen's sign).
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Normal Umbilicus
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Midline and inverted, with no sign of discoloration, inflammation, or hernia
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Abnormal Skin
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Redness with localized inflammation, jaundice, skin glistening and taut occurs with ascites, lesions, rashes
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Normal Skin
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Surface is smooth and even with homogeneous colour
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Abnormal Striae
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Also occur with ascites, look purple-blue with Cushing's syndrome
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Normal Striae
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Silvery white, linear, jagged marks about 1-6 cm long
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Normal Nevi (moles)
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Pigmented, circumscribed brown macular or papular areas
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Abnormal Nevi
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Unusual colour or change in shape of mole
Petechiae Cutaneous angiomas (spider nevi) occur with portal hypertension or liver disease |
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Abnormal Veins
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Prominant, dilated veins occur with portal hypertension, cirrhosis, ascites, or vena caval obstruction
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Turgor
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Good turgor reflects healthy nutrition, poor turgor occurs with dehydration, which often accompanies gastrointestinal disease
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Normal hair distribution
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Pattern of pubic hair growth has a diamond shape in adult males and an inverted triangle shape in adult females
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Abnormal hair distribution
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Patterns alter with endocrine or hormone abnormalities, chronic liver disease
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Normal demeanour
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Relaxed quietly on the examining table and has a benign facial expression and slow, even respirations
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Abnormal demeanour
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Restlessness and constant turning to find comfort occur with colicky pain of gastroenteritis or bowel obstruction
Absolute stillness, resisting any movement , occurs with the pain of peritonitis Knees flexed up, facial grimacing, and rapid, uneven respirations also indicate pain |
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Normal bowel sounds
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High-pitched, gurgling, cascading sounds, occurring irregularly anywhere from 5-30 times per minute
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Abnormal bowel sounds
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Hyperactive- loud, high-pitched, rushing, tinkling sounds that signal increased motility
Hypoactive or Absent- follow abdominal surgery or with inflammation of the peritoneum |
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Borborygmus
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The hyperperistalsis when you feel your 'stomach growling'
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Systolic Bruit
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A pulsatile blowing sound and occurs with stenosis or occlusion of an artery
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Dullness
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Occurs over a distented bladder, adipose tissue, fluid, or a mass
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Hyperresonance
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Present with gaseous distension
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Hepatomegaly
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Liver enlargement, indicated by enlarged liver span
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Scratch test
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Can help define the liver border when the abdomen is distended or the abdominal muscles are tense
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Spleen location
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May locate it by percussing for a dull note from the 9th to 11th intercostal space just behind the left midaxillary line
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Ascites
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Free fluid in the peritoneal cavity, occurs with heart failure, portal hypertension, cirrhosis, hepatitis, pancreatitis, and cancer
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Fluid Wave and Shifting Dullness
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2 percussion tests that can defferenciate between ascites and gaseous distension
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