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165 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Gene
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Functional unit that controls inherited trait expression that is passed on from one generation to another
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Homologous chromosome
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one of 2 paired chromosomes, from each parent, that carries genes for a specific trait at the same location
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Gamete
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a haploid sex cell, formed during meiosis that can combine with another haploid sex cell and produce diploid fertilized egg
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Haploid
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cell with half the number of chromosomes (n) as a diploid (2n) cell
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fertilization
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process by which haploid gametes combine, forming a diploid cell with 2n chromosomes, with n chromosomes from the female and n chromosomes from the male parnet
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Diploid
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having two copies of each chromosome
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Meiosis
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reproduction division process, occurring only in reproductive cell, in which one diploid (2n) cell produces four haploid (n) cells that are not generally identical
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Genetics
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science of heredity
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Allele
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alternative form that a single gene may have for a particular trait
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Dominant
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Mendel's name for the specific trait that appeared in the F1 generation
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Recessive
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Mendel's name for a specific trait that is hidden in the F1 generation
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Homozygous
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organism with two of the same alleles for a specific trait
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Heterozygous
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organism with two different alleles for a specific trait
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Genotype
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on organism's allele pair
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Phenotype
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observable characteristic that is expressed as a result of an allele pair
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Hybrid
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organism heterozygous for a specific trait
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Carrier
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individual heterozygous for a recessive disorder such cystic fibrosis of Tay-Sachs disease
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Pedigree
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diagrammed family history that is used to study inheritance patterns of a trait through several generation and that can be used to predict disorders in future offsprings
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Incomplete dominance
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complex inheritance patterns in witch the heterozygous phenotype is intermediate between those of the 2 homozygous parent organisms
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Codominance
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complex inheritance pattern that occurs when neither allele is dominant and both alleles are expressed
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Sex Chromosomes
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X or Y chromosomes; paired sex chromosomes determine and individual gender -XX individuals are female and XY individuals are male
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Autosomes
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chromosomes that is not a sex chromosome
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Sex - linked traits
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characteristics, such as red-green color blindness, controlled by genes on the X-chromosome; also called x-linked trait
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karyotype
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micrograph in witch the pairs of homologous chromosomes are arranged in decreasing sice
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Bacteriophage
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A virus that infest a bacterium (a unicellular microcellular organism) by infecting it and reproducing inside of it
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Nucleotides
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a subunit of nucleic acids from a simple sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogen base
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DNA
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it hold your genetic code and genes
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RNA
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guides protein synthesis
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messenger RNA
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type of RNA that carries genetic info from DNA in the nucleus to direct protein synthesis in the cytoplasm
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Ribosomal RNA
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type of RNA that associates with proteins to form ribosomes
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Transfer RNA
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type of RNA that transports amino acids to the ribosomes
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RNA polymerase
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enzyme that regulate RNA synthesis
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Transcription
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process in which mRNA is synthesized from the template DNA
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Codon
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3-base code in DNA or RNA
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Translation
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process in which mRNA attaches to the ribosome and protein is assembled
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Mutation
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permanent change in cell's DNA, ranging from changes on single-base pair to deletions of large sections of chromosomes
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Artificial Selection
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Darwin's term for the selective breeding of organisms selected for a certain traits in order to produce offsprings having those traits
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Natural Selection
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theory of evolution developed by Darwin, based on four ideas, excess reproduction, variations, inheritance, and the advantage of specific traits in an environment
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Evolution
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heredity changes in groups of living organisms over time
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Derived trait
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new feature that had not appeared in common ancestors
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Ancestral Trait
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more-primitive characteristic that appear in common ancestors
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Homologous structure
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anatomically similar structure inherited from a common ancestor
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Vestigial structure
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reduced from a functional structure that indicates shared ancestry
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Embryo
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organism early pre birth stage of development
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Biogeography
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study of distribution of plant and animals on the earth
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fitness
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measure of trait's relative contribution to the following generation
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Mimicry
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morphological adaptation in witch one species evolves to resemble another species for protection or other advantages
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Camouflage
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morphological adaptation that allows organism to blend with their surroundings
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Hardy-Weinberg principle
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states the all allele frequencies in population stay the same unless they are affected by a factor that cause change
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Genetic drift
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random changes in allelic frequencies in a population
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stabilizing selection
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most common form of natural selection in which organism with extreme expressions of a trait are removed
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Directional selection
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shift of population towards an extreme trait
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disruptive selection
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process in which individuals with average traits are removed, creating two populations with extreme traits
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Sexual selection
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Change in frequency of a trait based on competition of mate
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prezygotic isolating mechanism
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occurring before breeding; producing a fertilized egg, or zygote
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Postzygotic isolation mechanism
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occurring after formation of a zygote
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Allopatric speciation
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occurs when a population divided by a geographic barrier evolves into two or more populations unable to interbreed
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Sympatric speciation
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occurs when species evolves into a new species in area without a geographic barrier
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Classification
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grouping of organisms or objects based on a set of criteria that helps organize,communicate, and retain info
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Taxonomy
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branch of biology the identifies, names, and classification of their species based on their natural relationship
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Binomial nomenclature
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Linnaeus's system of naming organisms, which gives a scientific two word latin name to each species - the first part is the genus and the second part is the specific epithet
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genus
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a taxonomy unit used to put organism on specific groups
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Family
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taxonomic of similar, related genera that is smaller that a genus and larger than an order
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Order
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taxonomic group that consist related families
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Class
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Taxonomic group that contains one or more related orders
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Phylum
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Taxonomic group of related classes
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Division
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taxonomic term used instead of phylum to group related classes of plants and bacteria
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Kingdom
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taxonomic group of related phyla or divisions
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Domain
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taxonomic group of one or kingdoms
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Phylogenetic tree
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it is a diagram used to show evolution
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Phylogeny
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evolution history of a species
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systematists
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according to a fixed plan of system
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Character
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inherited morphological or biochemical feature that varies among species and can be used to determine patterns of decent
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Cladistic
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taxonomic method that models evolutionary relationship based on shared derived characteristics and phylogenetic trees
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Cladogram
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diagram with branches that represent the hypothesized phylogeny or evolution of a species or group; used bioinformatics, morphological studies, and info from DNA studies
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Eubacteria
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prokaryotes with peptidoglycan-containing cell walls
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Archaea
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a group of single celled microorganisms
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protist
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unicellular, multicellular, or colonial eukaryote whose cell walls contain cellulose, can be plantlike, animal-like, or funguslike
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Fungus
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unicellular or multicellular eukaryote that is stationary, absorbs nutrition from organic materials in the environment, and has cell walls that contain chitin
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Virus
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nonliving strand of genetic material that cannot be replicate on its own, has a nucleic acid core, a protein coat, and can invade cells and alter cellular function
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Charles Darwin
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Hypothesized that new species could appear gradually through small changes in ancestral species. He used the term evolution
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Protozoan
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heterotrophic, unicellular, animal-like protist
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Paramecia
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a group of unicellular ciliate protozoa
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Conjugation
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form of reproduction used by some prokaryotes in which the prokaryotic cells attach to each other and exchange genetic material
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Pseudopod
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temporary cytoplasmic extension that sarcodines uses for feeding and movement
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Algae
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a simple nonflowering plant that includes seaweed, is in the marine
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Diatoms
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a single celled algae that has cell walls of silica
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Mold
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a fungi that grow in warm condition and sometime on food or other organic conditions
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Plasmodium
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feeding stage of slime mold in which it is a cytoplasmic mass with many diploid nuclei but no separate cells
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Chitin
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tough, flexible polysaccharide in exoskeletons of insects and crustaceans and in fungal cell walls
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Hypha
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threadlike filament that makes up the basic structural unit of multicellular fungus
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Mycelium
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complex, netlike mass made up of branching hyphae
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Spore
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reproductive haploid (n) with a hard outer shell that forms a new organism without the fusion of gametes and is produced in the asexual and sexual life cycles of most fungi and some other organisms
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Septum
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cross- wall that divide hypha into cells
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Fruiting body of fungi
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spore-producing fungal reproductive structure
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Spore production (reproduction of fungi)
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production of spores
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chytrids
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a structure describing unreleased spores in the kingdom Fungi
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Parasitic fungi
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a fungi that acts like a parasite
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mutualistic fungi
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fungi that uses mutualism
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saprophytic fungi
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fungi that live on dead or decaying matter
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budding
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a small growth that grows off an organism
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fragmentation reproduction
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it is when a part of and organism breaks off and then the same organism grow from that fragmentation
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zygomycota
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a fungi that is formed when the fertilized egg formed when a sperm cell penetrates the egg
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ascomycota
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a type of fungi
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basidiomycaota
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a type of fungi that spores form in basidia
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Lichen
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symbiotic relationship between a fungus (usually ascomycete) and an alga or photosynthetic partner
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Stomata
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opening in the outer cell layer of leaf surfaces and some stems that allow exchange of water, carbon dioxide, oxygen and other gases between a plant and its environment
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Vascular plants
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type of plant with vascular tissue adapted to land environments; mostly widely distributed type of plant on earth
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nonvascular plant
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type of plant that lacks vascular tissue, moves substance s slowly form cell to cell by osmosis and diffusion, and grows only is a damp environment
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sepals
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flower organs that produce the buds
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petals
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colorful flower structure attracts pollinators and provides them a landscaping place
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stamen
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male reproductive organs of most flowers composed of filament an an anther
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pistil
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flowers female reproductive structure, it is usually composed of a stigma, a style, and an ovary
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germination
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process in witch a seed's embryo begins to grow
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Invertebrate
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animal without a backbone; between 95% and 99% of animals are invertebrates
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Exoskeleton
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hard or tough covering of many invertebrates that provide support, protects body tissue, prevents water loss, an protect the organism from predation
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Endoskeleton
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internal skeleton that protect internal organs, provide support for organism's body, and can provide an internal brace for muscles to pull against
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Vertebrate
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animal with endoskeleton and backbone
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zygote
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fertilized egg formed when a sperm cell penetrates an egg
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Endoderm
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inner layer of cells in the gastrula that develops into digestive tract lining
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Ectoderm
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outer layer of cells in the gastrula that develop into nevus tissue and skin
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Mesoderm
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layer of cells between the endoderm and the ectoderm that can become muscle tissue and tissue of the circulatory, respiratory, and excretory system
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Hermaphrodites
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animals that produce both sperm and eggs in its body, generally at different times
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Internal fertilization
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type of fertilization that occurs when sperm and egg combine inside an animal's body
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External Fertilization
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type of fertilization that occurs when sperm and egg combine outside the animal's body
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Asexual reproduction
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it does not involve sexual reproduction such as budding
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Asymmetry
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not having symmetry
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Symmetry
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same on both sides
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Radial symmetry
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body plan that can be divided along any plane, through central axis, into roughly equal halves
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Bilateral symmetry
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boy plan that can be divide into mirror images along one plane through the central axis
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Coelom
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fluid-filled body cavity completely surrounded by mesoderm
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Acoelomates
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no body cavity, body solid, doubled walled sac surrounding digestive cavity
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Pseudocoelum
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fluid-filled body cavity between the mesoderm and the endoderm
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Protostome
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coelomate animal whose mouth develops from the opening in the gastrula
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Deuterostome
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coelomate animal whose anus develops from the opening in the gastrula
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Cnidarians
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a phylum of aquatic invertebrate
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Gastrovacsular cavity
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in cnidarians, the space surrounded by an inner cell layer, where digestion takes place
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Platyhelminths
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an invertebrate phylum that has flatworms
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Porifera
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invertebrates that live in the water like sponges
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Nemotoda
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it is a more dives phylum of Pseudocoelum they are round worms
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Mollusca
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a large phylum of invertebrates
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annelida
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a large phylum of segmented worms such as earthworms
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Arthropoda
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a large phylum if invertebrates such as spiders
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Echinoderms
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a phylum of marine invertebrates that include starfish
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Chordates
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animal phylum of Chordata having a dorsal tubular nerve chord, a notochord, pharyngeal pouches, and a postanal tail at some point in its development
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Invertebrates Chordates
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chordata without a backbone
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lampreys
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an aquatic jawless invertebrate
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Cartilaginous fish
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a fish with cartilage
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Bony fish
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a large fish distinguished by the skeleton of a bone
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Amphibians
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a cold-blooded vertebrate that lives on land and water
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Reptiles
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a clod blooded vertebrate that include snakes
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Birds
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warm-blood egg-laying vertebrate
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mammals
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warm-blooded animal that have hair or fur
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Endotherms
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organism that generates its body heat by its own metabolism
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neuron
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cell that carries nerve impulses throughout the body and is composed of a cell body, an axon, and dent-rites
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dendrite
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neuron structure that receives nerve impulses from other neurons and transmit them to the cell body
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cell body
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neuron structure that contains the nucleus and many organelles
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axon
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neuron structure that transmits nerve impulses from the cell body to other neurons and muscles
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reflex arc
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nerve pathway that consisting of a sensory neuron, an interneuron, and a motor neuron
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action potential
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nerve impulse
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threshold
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minimum stimulus needed to produce a nerve impulse
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node
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gap in the myelin sheath along the length of an axon; nerve impulses move from node to node
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synapse
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gap between one neuron's axon and another neuron dendrite
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neurotransmitter
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chemical that diffuses across a synapse and binds to receptors on a neighboring neuron's dendrite, causing channels to open on the neighboring cell an creation of a new action potential
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myelin sheath
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surrounds the core of a nerve fiber or axon that facilitates the the impulses of nerves- the more you practice the bigger it gets
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