Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
48 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
Beadle & Tatum
|
1 gene, 1 enzyme
(what did they use?) |
Used Neurospora crassa
|
|
Barbara McClintock
|
Transposable elements: "jumping genes"
|
worked w/ maize
|
|
Maurice Wilkins and Rosalind Franklin
|
X-ray diffraction of DNA
|
|
|
James Watson
|
DNA model as double-helix
|
|
|
Francis Crick
|
DNA model as double-helix.
Described translation. Coined “Central dogma”. Proposed life started with RNA and evolved to DNA. |
|
|
Carl Woese
|
Proposed life started with RNA and evolved to DNA.
|
|
|
Penicillins
1- Mechanism 2- Antimicrobial action & Spectrum |
Bind PBPs; inhibit formation of bridges in peptidoglycan
|
Gm+ Bactericidal
|
|
Methicillin
1- Mechanism 2- Antimicrobial action & spectrum |
Bind PBPs
|
Gm+ Bactericidal
|
|
Ampicillin, Amoxicillin
1- Mechanism 2- Antimicrobial action & spectrum |
Bind PBPs
|
Gm+ Bactericidal; growing E. coli, Proteus
|
|
Carbenicillin, Ticarcillin
1- Mechanism 2- Antimicrobial action & spectrum. |
Bind PBPs
|
Bactericidal. Gm+ &
Gm-, incl. Pseudomonas. |
|
Monobactams (Aztreonam)
1- Mechanism 2- Antimicrobial action & spectrum |
Bind PBPs
|
Aerobic Gm- Bactericidal;
Enterobacteriaceae |
|
Vancomycin
1. Mechanism 2. Antimicrobial action & spectrum |
Affects D-alanine chain
|
bactericidal against MRSA, C. difficile
|
|
Isoniazid
1. Mechanism 2. Antimicrobial action & spectrum |
Affects Mycolic acid synthesis
|
Bactericidal against growing Mycobacteria.
|
|
Aminoglycosides (Streptomycin, Gentamycin, Kanamycin)
1. Mechanism 2. Antimicrobial action & spectrum |
Irreversibly binds 30S ribosome
|
Gm – bactericidal, including Pseudomonas.
Ineffective vs. anaerobes, streptococci, enterococi |
|
Tetracyclines
1. Mechanism 2. Antimicrobial action & spectrum |
Reversibly bind 30S ribo subunit
|
Bacteriostatic against Selective Gm – and Gm+;
Chlamydia, Rickettsia, Mycoplasma |
|
Macrolides (Erythromycin,
Azithromycin) 1. Mechanism 2. Antimicrobial action & spectrum |
Reversibly bind 30S ribo subunit
|
Bacteriostatic against Mycoplasma & Chlamydia.
Ineffective vs. Enterobacteriaceae |
|
Rifampin (Rifamycin B, Rifabutin)
1. Mechanism 2. Antimicrobial action & spectrum |
Binds RNA polymerase
|
Bactericidal vs. TB; Static vs. staph & strep.
|
|
Chloramphenicol
(Cm or Cam) 1. Mechanism 2. Antimicrobial action & spectrum |
Reversibly binds 50S ribo; prevents peptide bond formation
|
Bacteriostatic against Salmonella typhi
|
|
Sulfonamides (SFX)
1. Mechanism 2. Antimicrobial action & spectrum |
PABA antagonists
|
Bacteriostatic across large spectrum
|
|
Trimethoprim (TMP)
1. Mechanism 2. Antimicrobial action & spectrum |
Dihydrofolate reductase inhibitor
|
Bacteriostatic across large spectrum
|
|
Fluoroquinolones (Ciprofloxacin,
Levofloxacin) 1. Mechanism 2. Antimicrobial action & spectrum |
Inhibit alpha subunit of DNA Gyrase
|
Bactericidal across large spectrum
|
|
Polymixin B, Polymixin E (colistin)
1. Mechanism 2. Antimicrobial activity & spectrum. |
Interact w/ LPS, phospholipids in OM
|
Gm- bactericidal; Pseudomonas
|
|
Bacitracin
1. Mechanism 2. Antimicrobial activity & spectrum. |
Inhibits lipid carrier of peptidoglycan
|
Gm+ bactericidal
|
|
Types of penicillin
|
Methicillin
Amoxicillin Ampicillin Carbenicillin Ticarcillin |
|
|
Types of Aminoglycosides
|
Streptomycin
Gentamycin Kanamycin |
|
|
Penicillin inhibitions
|
Beta-lactamases;
Efflux of drug; |
|
|
Monobactam inhibitions
|
Resistant to beta-lactamases
|
|
|
Vancomycin inhibitions
|
Can't cross OM of Gm- bacteria.
|
|
|
Isoniazid inhibitions
|
TB builds resistant qiuckly.
Bad uptake. |
|
|
Aminoglycoside inhibitions
|
30S ribo mutates.
Enzymes change drug. Bad uptake. |
|
|
Tetracycline inhibitions
|
Bad uptake.
Protection of 30S ribo. Active efflux pumps. |
|
|
Types of macrolides
|
Erythromycin
Azithromycin |
|
|
Macrolide inhibition
|
Bad uptake.
23S rRNA gets methylated. |
|
|
Rifampin inhibition
|
Gm+: altered Beta subunit.
Gm-: bad drug uptake |
|
|
Chloramphenicol inhibition
|
Cm acetyl-transferase.
Alter OM porins. |
|
|
Sulfonimide inhibition
|
Plasmid-encoded enzyme
|
|
|
Trimethoprim (TMP) inhibition
|
Plasmid-encoded enzyme
|
|
|
Specific Fluoroquinolones
|
Ciprofloxacin
Levofloxacin |
|
|
Fluoroquinolone inhibition
|
Bad uptake.
Altered alpha subunit |
|
|
Polymixin B, Polymixin E (colistin) inhibition
|
Gm+ lack outer membrane
|
|
|
Bacitracin inhibition
|
Gm- have intrinsic resistance b/c OM is impermeable.
|
|
|
Bacitracin inhibition
|
Gm- have intrinsic resistance b/c OM is impermeable.
|
|
|
PCR Denaturation temperature
|
94-96C
|
|
|
PCR Annealing temperature
|
52-58C
|
|
|
PCR Extension temperature
|
70-73C
|
|
|
PCR Denaturation temperature
|
94-96C
|
|
|
PCR Annealing temperature
|
52-58C
|
|
|
PCR Extension temperature
|
70-73C
|
|