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117 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is the cerebrum? Gyri? Sulci? Longitudinal fissure? Their point? |
The cerebrum has two cerebral hemispheres. Gyri=folds Sulci=grooves Longitudinal fissure=big sulcus b/w hemispheres Their point is to add SURFACE AREA! :) |
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Difference b/w cerebrum and cerebellum |
Cerebrum is the head = very large Cerebellum is back of head, also in two halves |
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Know where the corpus colosum is and what a brainstem is useful for |
Brainstem is crucial for survival. Corpus is an upside down C around the ear sort of |
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Gray matter vs white matter |
Gray is the outer part (cortex) [dendrites, neurosomas] White is deep in the brain [tracts:bundles of myelinated axons] |
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Meninges order *on exam* |
Dura mater (outer) Arachnoid mater (middle) Pia mater (delicate inner layer) |
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Where are the periosteal and meningeal layer located |
In the dura mater. (meningeal layer is inside inside) |
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Name the *three* ventricles **** |
Lateral Third Fourth |
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What does cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) do? |
Provide buoyancy, chemical stability, and protects. It is a clear, colorless liquid |
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The brain is only ____% of body weight but receives ___% of blood and uses ____% of oxygen and glucose |
2%, 15%, 20% |
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What's the purpose of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) |
Seals capillaries in brain tissue (protects from thing getting in) |
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Know pg 407 diagram. Diacephalon, dula obligata, spinal cord, mid-brain, pons |
**study, will be on exam |
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Medulla oblongata's important nuclei |
Cardiac center Vasomotor center Respiratory center |
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What is the reticular formation? *** What's its function |
Web of gray matter that runs through all levels of brainstem Somatic motor control, cardiovascular control, pain modulation, sleep and consciousness, habituation |
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What is the purpose of the cerebellum? |
Fine motor skills, vermis |
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Arbor vitae vs deep nuclei |
arbor vitae is white matter deep nuclei is gray matter |
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Medulla oblongata is responsible for |
circulatory and respiratory control. sensory and motor functions for head and neck |
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pons is responsible for |
facial sensation and expression control of chewing, respiration, and sleep |
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Midbrain is responsible for (remember two colliculus) |
red nucleus and substantial nigra for motor control SUPERIOR colliculus for VISUAL attention INFERIOR colliculus for AUDITORY attention |
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Reticular formation is responsible for |
sleep and consciousness varied sensory, motor, and involuntary functions |
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Name the three ventricles of the diencephalon |
Thalamus Hypothalamus Epithalamus |
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Thalamus nickname |
"Gateway to the cerebral cortex" |
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Hypothalamus is Its functions are |
a major control center of autonomic nervous system and endocrine system hormone secretion, autonomic effects, thermoregulation, food and water intake, sleep and circadian rhythms, emotional responses, and memory |
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Epithalamus facts |
Pineal gland- an endocrine gland Habenula- relay from limbic system to midbrain Thin roof over the third ventricle |
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Name some of the lobes |
frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal, INSULA |
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What are two facts of the insula |
Deep to lateral sulcus Taste, visceral sensation, and language |
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Cerebral white matter tracts (and differences) |
Projectile tract- travel vertically to carry info Comissural- corpus collosum is largest Association- doesn't cross the midbrain |
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Give facts about the cerebral cortex |
Surface of the hemispheres 40% mass of brain Neocortex- six layers, "recently" evolved ** |
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Limbic system prominent parts |
cingulate gyrus, hippocampus, and amygdala important functions for emotion and learning |
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What is basal nuclei involved in? |
Motor control |
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Name the five special senses |
Vision Hearing Equilibrium (balance) Taste Smell |
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Postcentral gyrus vs Precentral gyrus
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Post = general cortex Pre = motor cortex |
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Language. What are the Wernicke area and Broca area |
Wernicke: Posterior. Recognition of written and spoken language Broca: Inferior. Speech |
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Limbic area is involved in amygdala and hippocampus which |
is for short-term memory, later solidifies (amygdala creates emotional memories, hippocampus consolidates long-term memories) |
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Remember the order of cranial nerves |
Olfactory Optic Oculomotor Trochlear Trigeminal Abducens Facial Vestibulocochlear Glossopharyngeal Vagus Accessory Hypoglossal |
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Olfactory is a ____ Optic nerve is a |
sensory nerve for smell optic is for vision |
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Oculomotor is a __ Trochlear nerve is a ___ Abducens nerve is a |
oculomotor, abducens, and trochlear are a nerves for eye movement |
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Trigeminal nerve is for |
mixed nerve for sensation of the face and control of chewing movements |
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Facial nerve is for |
a mixed nerve for sensation of taste and control of expressions, facial secretions |
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Vestibulocochlear nerve is a glossopharyngeal is a |
vest: a sensory nerve for hearing and equilibrium gloss: a mixed nerve with diverse sensory and motor functions for head neck and thorax |
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vagus nerve is |
a mixed nerve for taste, gastrointestinal sensation, and control of various organs if cut, you die. controls heart, lungs, etc |
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Accessory nerve is a hypoglossal nerve is a |
a motor nerve for swallowing, head, neck, and shoulder movements hypoglossal: a motor nerve controlling movements of the tongue |
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Alzheimer's disease |
Recent event memory loss, reduced attention span, disorientation |
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Parkinson's disease |
Degeneration of dopamine-releasing cells from substantia nigra |
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General actions of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) |
Visceral motor system responsible for reflexes. Involuntary and unconcious |
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Two divisions of the ANS and what they do |
Sympathetic division: "Fight or flight," increase heart rate Parasympathetic division: "Rest and digest," decrease heart rate Autonomic tone: balance between both |
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Preganglionic fiber vs postganglionic fiber |
Preganglionic: myelinated! Soma in brainstem or spinal cord. White communicating rami Postganglionic: Unmyelinated. Soma in ganglion. Gray communicating rami |
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Another word for sympathetic division |
Thoracolumbar division (Short preganglionic fibers, long postganglionic fibers. |
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Nerve fibers leave paravertebrae ganglia in 3 rates, what are they? |
Spinal nerve route Sympathetic nerve route Splanchnic nerve route |
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Adrenal glands. Where are they located? What are two parts? |
Located atop (superior) kidneys. Adrenal cortex: outer part, secretes steroid hormones Adrenal medulla: inner part, secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine |
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Parasympathetic Division AKA.. |
Craniosacral division. Long preganglionic fibers, short postganglionic fibers |
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Name the fibers found in the cranial cavity |
CN III Oculomotor n. controls lens and pupil CN VII Facial n. controls tear, salivary, and nasal CN IX Glossopharyngeal n. controls salivary gland CN X Vagus n. provides branches for heart, lungs, esophagus, and other organs |
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Enteric Nervous System is known as the nervous system of the |
digestive tract |
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Acetylcholine is a what fiber? |
Cholinegic |
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Cells influenced by Ach have cholinergic receptors, what are they?
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Muscarinic receptors are on involuntary effectors Nicotinic receptors are on postganglionic neurons (excititory) |
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Norepinephrine (NE) has what fibers? |
Adrenergic fibers |
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Cells influenced by NE have adrenergic receptors, what are they? |
alpha adrenergic: urine contractions beta adrenergic: inhibit intestinal motility |
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Dual innervation |
Most viscera contain fibers from both autonomic divisions Divisions may have antagonistic or cooperative effects |
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Define and/or describe central controls
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Autonomic output originates in CNS Hypothalamus contains nuclei for autonomic functions including: hunger, thirst, thermoregulation, and sexual response |
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Efficiency of ANS ____ in old age |
declines |
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Horner syndrome |
Unilateral pupillary constriction. Sagging of eyeling and flushing of skin due to lesions in sympathetic division |
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Raynaud disease |
Paleness, cyanosis, and pain in digits when cold or stresed due to excessive vasoconstriction. Common in young women |
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Define what receptors detect what stimuli Thermoreceptors Photoreceptors Chemoreceptors Nociceptors Mechanoreceptors |
temp light chemicals pain pressure or stretch |
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Define the three classes of stimulus |
Exteroceptors- sense stimuli from outside of the body Interoceptors- sense stimuli from organs within the body Proprioceptors- regarding position of the body |
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Unencapsulated nerve endings .... |
dendrites lack connective wrapping |
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3 General senses |
Free nerve endings: warm receptors, cold receptors, nociceptors Tactile discs: light touch and pressure Hair receptors: movement of hairs |
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Bulbous (Ruffini) Corpuscles are |
flat. they sense pressure, skin stretch, and JOINT MOVEMENT |
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Pacinian corpuscles are |
Onionlike. Tickle and vibration |
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Muscle spindles |
Fusiform, sense skeletal muscle fibers |
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How many different orders do nerve fibers have for pain and name them |
3 First order, second order, and third order |
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Referred pain |
Pain from the viscera mistakenly thought to come from more superficial sites (heart attack) |
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Phantom pain |
Pain signals from missing limb (lost leg) |
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What's gustation related to? What does it have on it and its types |
Taste!! Lingual papillae (bumps on tongue). Filiform type- numerous, tiny spikes, no buds Fungiform- mushroom shaped bumps. Have vallate (large bumps in back of tongue) |
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Define taste cells look and what it has on it |
Banana shaped, taste hairs on it. Synapse with sensory nerve |
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Neural paths for taste include two parallel paths where |
Hypothalamus mediates ANS (salvate. gag) Thalamus sends signals to cortex for conscious perception of taste |
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Smell (olfaction) is the only neuron exposed to ________ |
The external environment |
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Olfactory mucosa is located where |
Roof of nasal cavity |
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Outter ear has |
Auricle (pinna) - fleshy part of ear Guard hairs and cerumen |
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3 important parts of the middle ear |
Tympanic membrane (eardrum) Auditory (eustachian) tube Auditory ossicles: malleus, incus, stapes |
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2 important parts of the inner ear |
Vestibule Cochlea- snail shaped |
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Cochlear duct is the organ of _____ |
Hearing. it contains endolymph |
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Scala vestibuli and tympani both contain what and where are they located? |
Vestibuli: Above Tympani: Below Both have perilymph |
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Vestibular Apparatus was originally for ____, _____ develops later |
equilibrium. hearing
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Uricle and saccule each have a ____ to detect static equilibrium and linear acceleration |
macula |
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Conjuctiva |
Transparent mucous membrane |
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Lacrimal gland is also known as |
a tear gland. Tears travel across conjunctiva and cornea |
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Lacrimal punctum is a |
small pore in eyelid |
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Vitreous body (humor) |
Vitreous chamber- behind lens |
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Optic nerve exits at _____ Disc is a _______ without receptors |
Optic disc Blindspot |
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Difference b/w rods and cones |
Rods: Night vision. Gray, 1 pigment Cones: Day time. Color, 3 pigments |
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Endocrine system mostly is involved with |
hormones
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What are hormones? |
Chemical messengers secreted into the bloodstream |
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Endocrine vs exocrine |
Endocrine glands are ductless and secrete internally Exocrine have ducts and are sweat |
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What are neuroendocrine cells |
The two systems (endo and exo) coordinate in responses |
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What are the two lobes of the pituitary
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Adenohypophysis: anterior lobe and pars tuberalis Neurohypophysis: posterior lobe, stalk, and median eminence (nervous tissue mass) |
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How many of each two types of hypothalamic hormones are there |
4 releasing hypothalamic hormone 2 inhibiting hormones |
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Follicle-stimulating hormone |
Female growth of avarian follicles and secretion of estrogen. Male sperm production
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Profactin (PPL) |
Female milk synthesis Male increased LH sensitivity and testosterone secretion |
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Growth hormone |
Widespread tissue growth, especially in the stated tissues |
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Posterior pituitary is..... |
secreted in the hypothalamus, stored and released by post pituitary gland |
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Anterior pituitary vs posterior names |
Anterior is adenohypothesis Posterior is neurohypothasis |
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Pineal gland looks like _____ and secretes ______ |
looks like a pine cone secretes melatonin |
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Thymus facts... |
Large in fetus and infants, involutes around age 14 Maturation of white blood cells Development of lymphatic organs and T Cells such as thmopoietin, thymosin, and thymulin |
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What is the largest gland in the body (in adults) |
Thyroid gland |
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What hormones are in the thyroid gland? What do they do? |
TH T4 and T3. They raise the metabolic rate |
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Calcitonin does what |
Decreases blood-calcium from C cells |
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Parathyroid gland has ______ and is located where and has what hormone |
4 small ovoid glands and is located in the neck, usually posterior side of thyroid Has parathyroid hormone (PTH) which is secreted by chief cells to raise calcium in blood |
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What are two adrenal glands and where are they located? |
Above the kidneys. Adrenal medulla: 10-20% of gland, central Adrenal cortex: 80-90% of gland, outer part |
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What are the three zones of the adrenal cortex? |
Zona glomerulosa: most superficial layer Zona fasciculata: intermediate thick layer Zona Reticularis: Deepest cortical layer |
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Where's the pancreas located and what are three important islets of it? |
Below and behind the stomach Alpha cells-glucogon causes rise in blood sugar 20% Beta cells-insulin causes absorption of blood sugar 70% G cells- gastrin stimulates stomach activities (acid, motility) |
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Pancreatic islets ________ glucose |
regulate |
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Gonads in the ovaries vs testes |
ovaries: estrogen and progesterone regulate menstrual cycle, pregnancy and inhibin inhibits FSH secretion testes: testosterone regulates sex drive Inhibin FSH secretion (regulates how much sperm is released) |
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What glands/organs shrink with age? |
adrenal, thymus, and pineal glands all shrink in size early in life |
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Ovarian decline at menopause increases risk of ______, osteoporosis, and ______ |
cardiovascular disease and dementia |
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What two endocrine disorders are there |
Endemic goiter: can result from hyposecretion of thyroid hormone (this increases TSH secretion and leads to hypertrophy of thyroid gland): Deficiency in iodine
Cushing syndrome: caused by cortisol hypersecretion disrupts carbohydrate and protein metabolism (loss of bone/muscle mass) |
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What is a wanderer nerve |
Vagus nerve |
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Does anterior or posterior cavity have a bigger mass? |
Anterior has bigger mass, posterior is nervous tissue |
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What nervous system is closely related to the digestive system |
Enteric nerve |