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84 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Mental Retardation
(CHILDHOOD DISORDER) |
Significantly subaverage general intellectual functioning (IQ < 70)
Four levels of severity: mild, moderate, severe, profound Significant limitations in at least two of the following areas of adaptive functioning: communication, self-care, home living, social/interpersonal skills, use of community resources, self-direction, functional academic skills, work, leisure, health, and safety Onset before age 18 |
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Biological Components of Mental Retardation
(CHILDHOOD DISORDER) |
Genetic abnormalities (Down syndrome, Fragile X syndrome0
Metabolic deficiencies (PKU, Tay-Sachs disease) Prenatal and postnatal complications (Fetal alcohol syndrome) |
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Sociocultural and family systems components of Mental Retardation
(CHILDHOOD DISORDER) |
Cultural-familial retardation
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Sociocultural and family systems interventions for Mental Retardation
(CHILDHOOD DISORDER) |
Early intervention to remediate cultural-familial effects
Specialized education; sheltered workshops |
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Autism
(CHILDHOOD DISORDER: PERVASIVE DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDER) |
Impaired social interaction
Impaired communication Rigid and repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, and activities |
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Other pervasive developmental disorders
(CHILDHOOD DISORDER: PERVASIVE DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDER) |
Rett’s disorder
Childhood disintegrative disorder Asperger’s disorder |
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Biological Components of Pervasive Developmental Disorders
(CHILDHOOD DISORDER: PERVASIVE DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDER) |
Genetic factors
Prenatal, birth, and neurological factors |
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Behavioral Interventions for Pervasive Developmental Disorders
(CHILDHOOD DISORDER: PERVASIVE DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDER) |
Operant-conditioning techniques designed to shape adaptive behaviors
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Psychodynamic Components of Pervasive Developmental Disorders
(CHILDHOOD DISORDER: PERVASIVE DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDER) |
Now-rejected view that parents were responsible for child’s problems
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Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
(CHILDHOOD DISORDER) |
Inattention
-Missing details, trouble paying attention, not listening, forgetting instructions, being disorganized, distracted, losing things Hyperactivity -Fidgeting or squirming, can’t stay seated, excessive activity, can’t relax quietly, much talking Impulsivity -Blurts out answers, can’t wait turn, interrupts of bothers others Some symptoms present before age 7; symptoms occur in two or more settings |
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ADHD, combined type
(CHILDHOOD DISORDER) |
Six or more symptoms of inattention and six or more symptoms of hyperactivity and/or impulsivity
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ADHD, predominantly inattentive type
(CHILDHOOD DISORDER) |
Six or more symptoms of inattention but fewer than six symptoms of hyperactivity-impulsivity
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ADHD, predominantly hyperactive-impulsive type
(CHILDHOOD DISORDER) |
Six or more symptoms of hyperactivity-impulsivity but fewer than six symptoms of inattention
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Biological Components of ADHD
(CHILDHOOD DISORDER) |
Explanations
-Genetic factors -Neurological factors -Prenatal factors Interventions: Psychostimulant medications |
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Family Systems Components of ADHD
(CHILDHOOD DISORDER) |
Family dysfunction involving parenting that
Doesn’t help children develop self-regulation skills Allows young children to become overstimulated or overwhelmed |
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Psychodynamic Components of ADHD
(CHILDHOOD DISORDER) |
ADHD symptoms may result from emotional distress
Context (such as when/where symptoms occur) must be considered when evaluating causes of ADHD symptoms |
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Behavioral and Cognitive Interventions for ADHD
(CHILDHOOD DISORDER) |
Programs to establish appropriate rewards and punishments at home and school
Cognitive interventions to help parents correct their assumptions about parenting a child with ADHD |
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Most effect ADHD intervention?
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Multi-modal treatments most effective
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Oppositional defiant disorder
(CHILDHOOD DISORDER: Disruptive Behavior Disorders) |
Consistently negativistic, hostile, and defiant behavior for at least six months that includes at least four of the following:
Losing temper Arguing with adults Defying rules Blaming others for mistakes/misbehavior Being touchy or reactive Being angry or resentful Being spiteful or vindictive 50% comorbidity rate with ADHD 25% with ODD eventually meet criteria for Conduct Disorder |
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Conduct disorder
(CHILDHOOD DISORDER: Disruptive Behavior Disorders) |
Consistent violation of the rights of others and significant age-appropriate norms, including at least three of the following within past year (and one within past six months)
-Aggression toward people and animals -Destruction of property -Deceitfulness or theft -Serious violation of rules |
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Sociocultural and family systems components of Disruptive Behavior Disorders
(CHILDHOOD DISORDER) |
Explanations: Poverty, dangerous neighborhoods, and problematic parent-child relationships
Interventions: Functional family therapy, parent management training |
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Cognitive components of Disruptive Behavior Disorders
(CHILDHOOD DISORDER) |
Explanations: Specific cognitive distortions and deficiencies
Interventions: Exercises to promote problem-solving |
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Biological components of Disruptive Behavior Disorders
(CHILDHOOD DISORDER) |
Genetic factors
Impairment in the brain’s behavioral inhibition system |
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Psychodynamic components of Disruptive Behavior Disorders
(CHILDHOOD DISORDER) |
Impaired superego functioning
Predominant defense: identification with the aggressor |
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Eating Disorders
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Involves a disturbance in the perception of body shape
Weight is an essential feature of diagnosis—but weight is not the only issue All segments of society are affected -Men and women -Young and old- -Rich and poor -All racial and cultural groups -All socio-economic levels |
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Eating Disorder Statistics
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Eating disorders have the highest mortality rate of any mental illness
5 – 10% of people with anorexia die within 10 years after contracting the disease; 18-20% will be dead after 20 years and only 30 – 40% ever fully recover The mortality rate associated with anorexia nervosa is 12 times higher than the death rate of ALL causes of death for females 15 – 24 years old. 20% of people suffering from anorexia will prematurely die from complications related to their eating disorder, including suicide and heart problems. |
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DSM-IV Axis I categories for Eating Disorders
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Anorexia nervosa
Eating disorder not otherwise specified Bulimia nervosa |
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Anorexia Nervosa
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A. Refusal to maintain body weight at or above normal weight for height (at or below 85% of “normal” body weight)
B. Intense fear of gaining weight C. Disturbance in way body weight or shape are experienced (e.g. denial, self-evaluation) D. Absence of 3 consecutive menstrual cycles -Restricting Type: Not regularly engaged in binge eating or purging behavior -Binge-Eating/Purging Type: Regularly engaged in binge-eating or purging behavior |
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Anorexia Nervosa: Statistics
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“Between 5-20% of people diagnosed with anorexia nervosa eventually die from it. The longer you have it, the more likely you will die from it. Even for those who survive, the disorder can damage almost every body system.”
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Anorexia Nervosa: Statistics
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Onset: Mid- to late adolescence (14-18 years)
Prevalence: Less than 1% of females and males will experience in lifetime Course and Outcome: Variable -Within first 5 years of onset, typically experience period of binge-eating Greater than 90% of cases are female |
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Bulimia Nervosa
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-Recurrent episodes of binge eating
-Recurrent compensatory behaviors to prevent weight gain (vomiting, fasting, etc.) -Bingeing and purging at least twice a week for three months -Over-concern about body weight and shape -Subtypes A. Purging Type: During episode of BN, individual regularly engages in self-induced vomiting or misuse of laxatives, diuretics, or enemas B. Nonpurging Type: During episode, person uses other compensatory behaviors (i.e. fasting or excessive exercise), but has not regularly engaged in self-induced vomiting or misuse of laxatives |
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Bulimia Nervosa: Facts and Figures
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Onset: Late adolescence or early adult
Lifetime Prevalence: 1-3% females, less than 1% of males Course: Chronic or intermittent -Usually begins following an episode of dieting -May experience periods of remission intertwined with periods of bingeing 90% female, 10% male |
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Eating Disorder Not Otherwise Specified (NOS)
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Eating disordered behavior that does not meet criteria for anorexia or bulimia such as
-Anorexic behavior with normal weight -Bulimic behavior less than twice a week or for less than three months -Binge Eating Disorder (BED) |
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Celebrities with Eating Disorders
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Paula Abdul, Justine Batemen, Karen Carpenter, Nadia Comaneci, Susan Dey, Jane Fonda, Tracey Gold, Elton John, Jamie Lynn-Sigler, Cherry Boone O’Neill, Barbara Niven, Alexandra Paul, Princess Di, Lynn Redgrave, Kathy Rigby, Joan Rivers, Jeannine Turne
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“Exporting Eating Disorder”
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Prior to 1995
-EDs basically non-existent in Fiji -hearty appetite & robust figures encouraged 1995 – introduction of Western TV shows By 1998 -11.3% report self-inducted vomiting -69% report dieting -78% report feeling overweight |
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Psychodynamic Components of Eating Disorders
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Anorexia as a reaction to perfection-oriented families
Conscious and unconscious emotional and sexual conflicts Psychodynamic interventions -Uncovering the meaning and function of the eating disordered symptoms |
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Family Systems Components of Eating Disorders
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Minuchin
Enmeshed families -Cause or result or anorexia? Family systems interventions -Treating the family, not just the “identified patient” Effective for otherwise functional families |
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Sociocultural Components of Eating Disorders
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Thin beauty ideals in the media
-Obsession over looks, not emotions Feminist perspectives -Women struggle with society’s changing notions of ideal body shape -Outcome of exercising strict control over one’s life --Result of the powerlessness women feel in society -AN is not pathological, but rather a foreseeable consequence of today’s body-focused media and male-dominated society Sociocultural interventions -Media literacy training |
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Biological Components of Eating Disorders
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Genetic factors
Hormonal factors Neurotransmission Biological interventions -SSRIs |
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Cognitive-Behavioral Components of Eating Disorders
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Cognitive distortions about food and weight
Cognitive and behavioral processes that reinforce eating disorders Cognitive-behavioral interventions -Identifying distorted cognitions -Reducing reinforcements that perpetuate disordered eating Cognitive Distortions present in anorexia nervosa: -Relative abstraction -Dichotomous thinking -Overgeneralization -Magnification -Superstitious thinking -Personalization |
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The connection between mind and body in eating disorders
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Clients suffering from anorexia may have difficulty thinking constructively about their problems due to starvation-induced cognitive impairments
Weight-gain interventions are generally prioritized for people suffering from anorexia in order to restore the cognitive flexibility needed for psychotherapeutic interventions |
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The multiple causality of eating disorders
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Eating disorders often result from a combination of causal factors
Various theoretical perspectives on eating disorders overlap with and complement each other Interventions for eating disorders often draw on a variety of theoretical approaches |
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Treatment for AN and/or BN is extremely expensive
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-Can extend for several years
-Cost of inpatient treatment can be $30,000 or more per month. -Cost of outpatient treatment, including therapy and medical monitoring, can extend to $100,000 or more. |
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What is Personality Disorder?
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Enduring patterns of perceiving, relating to, and thinking about the environment and oneself that are…
-Exhibited in a wide range of social and personal contexts -Inflexible and maladaptive, -Cause significant functional impairment or subjective distress PD Diagnoses are located on Axis II |
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What is Personality Disorder Cont..
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DSM definition: “an enduring pattern of inner experience or behavior that deviates markedly from the expectations of an individual’s culture, is pervasive and inflexible, has an onset in adolescence or early adulthood, is stable over time, & leads to distress or impairment”
10 DSM personality disorders organized into 3 “clusters” Poor reliability or validity |
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Personality Disorders
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Originate in childhood -> Chronic
Must be over 18 years old to be diagnosed Pervade every aspect of a person’s life Individual may not feel subjective distress, but… Distress may be felt by others who have interpersonal relationships with that person |
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Personality Disorders: Statistics
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PDs found in ~ .5% - 2.5% of general population
10% - 30% of inpatient settings; 2% - 10% of outpatient settings Thought to originate in childhood Maladaptive characteristics develop into maladaptive behavior PDs are highly co-morbid with one another Many individuals do not seek treatment until very late into the disorder |
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Cultural & Historical Relativism relating to Personality Disorders
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Definitions of “normal” and “abnormal” personality traits are culturally relative. Norms for social behavior change over time; a “typical” 1950s housewife might now be viewed as overly dependent
The DSM personality disorder diagnoses have changed significantly since 1952, and new personality disorder diagnoses are currently under consideration |
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Personality Disorders:
Demographics: Gender Biases? |
The personality disorders diagnosed more frequently in women tend to involve extremes of stereotypically feminine traits
The personality disorders diagnosed more frequently in men tend to involve extremes of masculine traits 6 of the 10 personality disorder diagnoses are more likely to be diagnosed in men than in women |
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Personality Disorders:
Demographics: Socioeconomic Status SES |
Some evidence indicates that borderline, dependent, and antisocial personality disorders occur more frequently among low SES populations
Some experts question whether antisocial personality disorder can be appropriately applied to people living in communities where illegal behavior may be fundamentally adaptive |
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Cluster A
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odd or eccentric
Paranoid PD Schizoid PD Schizotypal PD |
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Cluster B
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dramatic, emotional or erratic
Antisocial PD Borderline PD Histrionic PD Narcissistic PD |
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Cluster C
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anxious or fearful
Avoidant PD Dependent PD Obsessive-Compulsive PD |
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Rett’s disorder
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characterized by an early-onset slowing of the infant's head growth and a reduction in brain size, as much as 30%
The child— almost always a girl— develops normally during the first five months of life. After the fifth month, head growth slows down and the child loses whatever purposeful hand movements she had developed during her first five months. After 30 months, the child frequently develops repetitive hand-washing or hand-wringing gestures; 50%–80% of children with the disorder will eventually develop epilepsy. |
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Asperger’s disorder
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In Asperger's Disorder, affected individuals are characterized by social isolation and eccentric behavior in childhood. There are impairments in two-sided social interaction and non-verbal communication. Though grammatical, their speech may sound peculiar due to abnormalities of inflection and a repetitive pattern. Clumsiness may be prominent both in their articulation and gross motor behavior. They usually have a circumscribed area of interest which usually leaves no space for more age appropriate, common interests.
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Eating Disorders: Demographics
Age? |
15-25
by age 20, "86% of people who are going to be diagnosed are diagnosed" |
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Eating Disorders have a high comorbidity with ____ and _____
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Depression & OCD
Intrusive thoughts - preoccupation with weight and size Compulsion - purging patterns, etc Depression - strive for standard that is unattainable which brings about depression |
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Down syndrome
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A form of mental retardation caused by having three twenty-first chromosomes; characterized by mild mental retardation and distinctive physical features
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Fragile X syndrome
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A chromosomal disorder resulting in learning disabilities or mental retardation, distinctive physical features such as long faces and large ears, and behavioral difficulties.
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Cultural-familial retardation
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Subnormal general intellectual functioning, usually borderline or mild, presumably on the basis of some degree of environmental deprivation resulting from familial retardation as evidenced by its presence in one parent and one or more siblings.
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Warehousing
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Deinstitutionalization
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The social policy, beginning in the 1960s, of discharging large numbers of hospitalized psychiatric clients into the community.
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Duty-to-warn & duty-to-protect
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Involuntary Hospitalization
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is a legal procedure used to compel an individual to receive inpatient treatment for a mental health disorder against his or her will. The legal justifications vary somewhat from state to state, but are generally based on a determination that a person is imminently dangerous to self or others; is gravely disabled; or clearly needs immediate care and treatment. Involuntary hospitalization is synonymous with involuntary commitment or involuntary treatment, and is an extremely controversial course of action. It is generally a last resort used in dealing with a person who is so ill that he/she is unable to use proper judgment or insight in deciding to refuse treatment.
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Insanity Defense
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Forensic psychiatry A legal defense that a person cannot be convicted of a crime if he lacked criminal responsibility by reason of insanity–a term defined as a matter of law; the premise is that where there is no mens rea because of insanity, there is no criminal responsibilityForensic psychiatry A legal defense that a person cannot be convicted of a crime if he lacked criminal responsibility by reason of insanity–a term defined as a matter of law; the premise is that where there is no mens rea because of insanity, there is no criminal responsibility
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Controversies over GID
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Most people who have GID note that the feelings of disassociation with their birth gender began at an early age. Children with GID may prefer to associate with members of the opposite sex, dress or act like a member of the opposite sex or have a pervasive belief that they will grow up to be a member of the opposite sex.
Growing up with GID can cause serious internal conflicts as well as spark problems with peers and family members. The result can be very isolating, and depression and anxiety run high among children and adolescents with GID. |
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Female circumcision
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emale circumcision or female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C), is any procedure involving the partial or total removal of the external female genitalia or other injury to the female genital organs "whether for cultural, religious or other non-therapeutic reasons."[1] The term is almost exclusively used to describe traditional or religious procedures on a minor, which requires the parents' consent because of the age of the girl.
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Mainstreaming
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Mainstreaming is an ideal situation and IDEA's preference for the placement of exceptional students. Placement of exceptional students is to be in the least restrictive environment as possible, which means, regular classroom setting. Although mainstreaming and inclusion aren't mentioned in the law, it is the preferred practice.
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Sensate focus & non-demand pleasuring
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Nondemand pleasuring and sensate focus. In exercises involving nondemand sensate focus, the clients initially avoid sexual intercourse. In fact, couples are forbidden to engage in any sexual activity until the therapist instructs them to do so. Over the course of treatment, they receive homework assignments that gradually increase their range of sexual behaviors. Initially, only kissing, hugging, and body massage may be allowed.
The partners are instructed to take turns in the roles of giver and receiver as they touch and caress each other's body. When playing the role of giver, the person explores, touches, and caresses the receiver's body. In applying this technique, called nondemand pleasuring, the giver does not attempt to arouse the receiver sexually. In an exercise called sensate focus, the receiver concentrates on the sensations evoked by the giver's touch on various parts of the body. In these exercises, the giver's responsibility is to provide pleasure and to be aware of his or her own pleasure in touching. The receiver's role is to prevent or end any stimulation that he or she finds uncomfortable or irritating by either telling or showing the partner his or her feelings. |
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Inclusion classrooms
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Classroom where children qith special academic needs (learning impairments, mental retardation) are taught alongside normal functioning children rater than in special education settings.
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Savants
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Someone possessing an exceptional or unusual intellectual skill in one area.
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Lanugo
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Lanugo: Downy hair on the body of the fetus and newborn baby. It is the first hair to be produced by the fetal hair follicles, usually appearing on the fetus at about five months of gestation. It is very fine, soft, and usually unpigmented. Although lanugo is normally shed before birth around seven or eight months of gestation, it is sometimes present at birth. This is not a cause for concern: lanugo will disappear within a few days or weeks of its own accord.
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Amenorrhea
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The cessation of the menstrual cicle.
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Subtypes of Anorexia Nervosa & Bulimia Nervosa
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“Exporting Eating Disorders” p289
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Cognitive distortions
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Irrational beliefs and thinking processes.
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“psychopath” or “sociopath”
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There is some debate about whether there is a meaningful difference between sociopaths and psychopaths. The DSM IV (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual used by psychologists) lists both under the heading of Anti-social Personality Disorder, and there are different schools of thought on whether they should be treated as distinct.
Psychopaths and sociopaths both apparently lack a conscience. Both will engage in behavior that harms others with no feeling of guilt or remorse, and rarely consider the risks to others implicit in their actions. They have an intellectual understanding of pro-social emotions, but seem to feel no emotional bonds with others. The result is that they can seem like perfectly decent and reasonable human beings in most situations, but can take bizarrely inappropriate actions to satisfy perceived insults, fantasies, or mere whims. Those psychologists who make a distinction between the two usually do so on the basis of organization. Sociopaths are seen as disorganized and rash, making extreme responses to normal situations. They lack impulse control. Psychopaths, by contrast, are highly organized, often secretly planning out and fantasizing about their acts in great detail before actually committing them, and sometimes manipulating people around them. Answer |
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Historical relativism of
masturbation & homosexuality |
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Sexual response cycle
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The sexual response cycle refers to the sequence of physical and emotional changes that occur as a person becomes sexually aroused and participates in sexually stimulating activities, including intercourse and masturbation. Knowing how your body responds during each phase of the cycle can enhance your relationship and help you pinpoint the cause of sexual dysfunction.
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Sexual performance anxiety & spectatoring
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Sexual Dysfunctions
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Sexual dysfunctions prevent or reduce an individual's enjoyment of normal sex and prevent or reduce the normal physiological changes brought on normally by sexual arousal.
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Paraphilias
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Paraphilias are sexual behaviors in which unusual objects or scenarios are necessary to achieve sexual excitement.1 Eight paraphilias are recognized which are grouped into 3 broad catergories.
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Describe three “third wave” therapeutic intervention techniques.
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Relationship to Experience: Recognize thoughts as thoughts
Cognitive De-fusion Experience the Present: Mindfulness = Paying attention to the present, non-judgmentally Focus attention Notice change over time Focus on Values: Identify values What is really important? Getting straight A’s vs. getting a good education? |
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Experiential Avoidance
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the unwillingness to experience certain thoughts, emotions, sensations
Theorized to be a root cause of a variety of psychopathology, i.e.: Anxiety (I.e. generalized, social, phobia, panic disorder) Alcohol & drug abuse |