Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
85 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Skeletal system includes:
|
bones of the skeleton
cartilages, ligaments, and connective tissues |
|
Characteristics of Bone Tissue
|
Osseous
Dense, supportive connective tissue Contains specialized cells Produces solid matrix of calcium salt deposits around collagen fibers Very Vascular |
|
Functions of the skeletal system
|
Support
Protection Leverage necessary for movement Mineral and lipid storage Blood cell production |
|
Divisions of the Skeletal System
|
Axial and Appendicular
|
|
Axial Skeleton
Components |
Skull
Vertebral Column Rib Cage |
|
Appendicular Skeleton
Components |
Shoulder bones and upper limbs
Hip bones and lower limbs |
|
Primary Functions of the Axial Skeleton
|
Protection
Support |
|
Primary Functions of the Appendicular Skeleton
|
Leverage for movement
Support |
|
Each bones is a discrete ______?
|
organ
|
|
Gross Anatomy
is the study of? |
Shape and Tissues
|
|
Microscopic Anatomy of bones includes?
|
Cells and Matrix
|
|
Classification of Bones by Shape
|
Long bones
Short bones Flat bones Irregular bones Sutural bones Sesamoid bones |
|
Where are 'long bones' located?
|
Found in arms, legs, hands, feet, fingers, and toes
|
|
What are the characteristics of long bones?
|
long and slender
|
|
The Diaphysis is what?
|
the shaft
|
|
The Epiphysis is what?
|
expanded portion at ends
|
|
The Metaphysis is what?
|
region where diaphysis and epiphysis meet
|
|
The central space of bone is called the?
|
Marrow Cavity
|
|
heavy wall of compact bone, or dense bone is in which portion of bone?
|
Diaphysis
|
|
deep spongy bone included in the Epipysis is also called what?
|
(cancellous) bone
|
|
What are the characteristics of short bone?
|
Are small and thick
Roughly cube shaped |
|
Where is the short bone located?
|
wrist bones (Carpals) and ankle (Tarsals)
|
|
The characteristics of Flat Bone?
|
Thin with parallel surfaces, flattened often slightly curved
|
|
Flat bone is a layer of what found between two layers of compact bone?
|
Spongy Bone ( (diploe)
sandwhich |
|
Complicated shapes
Have complex shapes What type of bone is this? |
Irregular Bone
|
|
Examples of irregular bone?
|
Vertebrae
ossa coxae many skull/facial bones |
|
Sutural Bones are also called?
|
Wormian Bones
|
|
Sutural Bone characteristics
|
Small irregular bones
Variable form and numbers |
|
Where are the sutural bones found?
|
Found between the flat bones of the skull in the skull
|
|
Sesamoid Bones are?
|
small and flat
|
|
Sesamoid Bones develop where?
|
Develop inside tendons
Near joints of knees, hands, and feet |
|
What is the sole function of the sesamoid bones?
|
Reinforce joints
they can also alter the direction of muscle pull |
|
Give an example of a Sesamoid Bone?
|
Patella
|
|
Characteristics of Bone Tissue
|
Dense matrix
Deposits of calcium salts Bone cells within lacunae Organized around blood vessels |
|
Types of bone Tissue
|
Compact
Spongy Bone Marrow |
|
The Compact Bone is a
Regular arrangement of ____? |
osteons
|
|
Compound bone looks _____ and ______ to the naked eye?
|
Looks smooth and solid to naked eye
|
|
Lamella ?
|
Layer
|
|
lacunae of compact bone contains?
|
osteocutes
|
|
Canaliculi ?
|
allow osteocutes to communicate via gap junctions
|
|
Blasts refer to ?
|
forming
|
|
clasts refer to?
|
eating
|
|
progeni referes to?
|
offspring
|
|
Compound Bone is ?
|
Dense and Stong
|
|
Spongy Bone is?
|
open arrangment
light weight shock absorbing resistant to tension |
|
Lamellae in compact bone, the Concentric lamellae is where?
|
In osteon
|
|
Where is the Circumferential Lamellae and what does it do?
|
Lamellae wrapped around the long bone
Binds osteons together |
|
Where is the Interstitial lamellae?
|
Irregular lamellae in gaps around osteons
|
|
Structure of Osseus Tissue
The lacunae contains? |
osteocytes
|
|
In the structure of the Osseus Tissue the Canaliculi allows what?
|
Allow osteocytes to communicate via gap junctions
|
|
In the structure of the Osseous tissue the Osteon
is also referred to as what? and what is it? |
(Haversian system)
Basic structural unit of compact bone |
|
In the structure of the Osseous tissue what is the Lamella?
|
Concentric layers of bone
Collagen fibers and salt crystals lie in opposite directions in adjacent lamella |
|
In the structure of the Ossesous tissue what are the Perforating Canals?
|
Volkman’s canals
Perpendicular to the central canal Carry blood vessels into bone and to marrow |
|
What contributes to the structure of Osseous tissue?
|
Lamellae
Canaliculi Osteon Lacunae Perforating Canals |
|
Spongy Bone (cancellous bone is what?
|
Honeycomb of osseous tissue called trabeculae
|
|
Spongy Bone is wich part of the bone?
|
Internal part of bone
Epiphysis internal portion of flat and irregular bones Appears to be poorly organized |
|
Spongy bone contains no ?
|
No osteons
|
|
Trabeculae ( spongy bone) is actually arranged along what?
|
lines of stress
|
|
Trabeculae have no....
|
Trabeculae have no blood vessels
|
|
Osteocytes in spongy bone are interconnected by
|
canaliculi
|
|
Spongy Bone Contains irregularly arranged ______?
|
Lamella
|
|
Compact bone is covered with membrane
_______ on the outside _______ on the inside |
periosteum on the outside
endosteum on the inside |
|
Membranes like the periosteum and endosteum cover every bone except?
|
Covers all bones
except parts enclosed in joint capsules |
|
Functions of Periosteum and Endosteum
|
Isolate bone from surrounding tissues
Provide a route for circulatory and nervous supply Role in bone growth and repair |
|
What is the Periosteum outter layer??
|
Outer fibrous layer of dense irregular connective tissue
Continuous with joint capsules, tendons, and ligaments Collagen fibers incorporated into the bone called perforating fibers |
|
What is the Periosteum inner layer?
|
Deep cellular layer
Inner layer Richly supplied with blood vessels, nerve fibers, and lymphatic vessels osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts and osteoclast |
|
What does the Endosteum cover?
|
Covers inner surfaces of bone
-trabeculae of spongy bone -marrow cavity -lines canals that pass through compact bone |
|
What cells does the Endosteum contain?
|
Contains osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts
|
|
Bone Cells
Make up only _______ % of bone mass |
2
|
|
Osteoprogenitor Cells
are what? |
Osteoprogenitor cells
Mesenchymal stem cells that divide to produce osteoblasts Are located in inner, cellular layer of periosteum (endosteum) Assist in fracture repair |
|
Osteoblasts ?
|
Immature bone cells
Bone cells that Secrete new extracellular matrix (osteoid) Encourage acculmulation of calcium salts in the matrix Carry out osteogenesis |
|
What makes up the organic part of bone?
|
osteoid,
matric produced by osteoblasts, but not yet calcified to form bone..... Ground Substance Collagen Fibers |
|
How much of the bone matrix is made up of proein fibers called collagen?
|
1/3
|
|
What makes up the inorganic component of bone ?
|
Mineral Salts
Hydroxyapatites |
|
What are the Hydroxyapatites
located in the inorganic portion of bone? |
Calcium phosphate Ca3(PO4)2
Reacts with calcium hydroxide, Ca(OH)2 Form crystals of hydroxyapatite, Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2 |
|
Calcium phosphate
|
Ca3(PO4)2
|
|
calcium hydroxide
|
Ca(OH)2
|
|
hydroxyapatite
|
Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2
|
|
Which enzyme is responsible for adding phosphates to the inorganic component of bone?
|
alkaline phosphate
|
|
Mature osteoblast that are completely surrounded by bone matrix in lacunea?
|
Osteocytes
|
|
Do osteocytes divide?
|
nope
|
|
Function of osteocytes?
|
Connected by cytoplasmic extensions through canaliculi
Maintain the protein and mineral content of the surrounding matrix |
|
These secrete acids and protiolytic enzymes that digest bone? Large multinucleate cells?
|
Osteoclasts
|
|
Acids disolve what out of bone leaving only the collagen framework?
|
mineral salts
|
|
Bone homeostasis requires what to maintain ?
|
bone building (by osteocytes)
bone recycling( by osteoclasts) |