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137 Cards in this Set
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Anatomy |
The scientific study of the body's structures |
"Some of these ________ are very small and can only be observed and analyzed with the assistance of a microscope." |
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Gross Anatomy |
The study of large structures of the body, those visible without the aid of magnification |
"Macro- means "large," this gross anatomy is also referred to as ________" |
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Microscopic Anatomy |
The study of structures that can be observed only with the use of a microscope or other magnification devices |
This includes cytology the study of cells and histology the study of tissues |
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Regional Anatomy |
The study of the interrelationships of all the structures in a specific body region, such as the abdomen |
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Systemic Anatomy |
The study of the structures that make up a discreet body system that is, a group of structures that work together to perform a unique body function. For example a systemic anatomical study of the muscular system would consider all of the skeletal muscles of the body |
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Physiology |
The scientific study of the chemistry and physics of the structures of the body and the ways in which they work together to support the functions of life |
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Homeostasis |
The state of steady internal conditions maintained by living things |
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Cell |
The smallest independently functioning unit of a living organism |
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Organelles |
A variety of tiny functioning units within the cytoplasm of a cell |
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Organ |
An anatomically distinct structure of the body composed of two or more tissue types |
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Organ System |
A group of organs that work together to perform major functions or meet physiological needs of the body |
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Organism |
A living being that has a cellular structure and that can independently perform all physiological functions necessary for life |
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Anabolism |
The process whereby smaller, simpler molecules are combined into larger, more complex substances |
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Metabolism |
The sum of all anabolic and catabolic reactions that take place in the body |
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The First Law of Thermodynamics |
Energy can neither be created nor destroyed - it can only change form |
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Catabolism |
The process by which larger more complex substances are broken down into smaller simpler molecules |
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Adenosine Triphophate (ATP) |
The high energy molecule found in every cell. Its job is to store and supply the cell with needed energy |
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Development |
All of the changes the body goes through in life |
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Differentiation |
A process of development in which unspecialized cells become specialized in structure and function to perform certain tasks in the body |
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Growth |
The increase in body size |
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Reproduction |
The formation of a new organism from parent organisms |
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Nutrient |
A substance in food and beverages that is essential to human survival |
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The Three Basic Classes of Nutrients |
Water, energy-yielding and body-building nutrients, and micronutrients (vitamins and minerals) |
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Pressure |
A force exerted by a substance that is in contact with another substance |
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Set Point |
The physiological value around which the normal range fluctuates [this is in regards to homeostasis] |
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Normal Range |
The restricted set of values that is optimally healthy and stable [this is in regards to homeostasis] |
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Negative Feedback |
A mechanism that reverses a deviation from the set point. Therefore, negative feedback maintains body parameters within their normal range |
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Sensor |
Also referred to as a receptor, is the component of a feedback system that monitors a physiological value. This value is reported to the control center. This is a part of the negative feedback system |
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Control Center |
The component in the feedback system that compares the value to the normal range. This is a part of the negative feedback system |
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Effector |
The component in a feedback system that causes a change to reverse the situation and return the value to the normal range. This is a part of the negative feedback system |
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Positive Feedback |
Intensifies a change in the body's physiological condition rather than reversing it. Normal childbirth is driven by a positive feedback loop. A positive feedback loop results in a change in the body status, rather than a return to homeostasis |
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Anatomical Position |
It is where the body is standing upright, with the feet at shoulder width sand parallel, and toes forward. The upper limbs are held out to the side, and the palms of the hands face forward |
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Frons |
Forehead (frontal) |
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Cranium |
Skull (cranial) |
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Oculus |
Eye (orbital or ocular) |
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Bucca |
Cheek (buccal) |
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Auris |
Ear (otic) |
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Nasus |
Nose (nasal) |
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Cervicis |
Neck (cervical) |
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Oris |
Mouth (oral) |
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Thorcis/Thorax |
Chest (thoracic) |
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Mentis |
Chin (mental) |
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Axilla |
Armpit (axillary) |
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Mamma |
Breast (mammary) |
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Abdomen |
Stomach region (abdominal) |
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Umbilicus |
Navel (umbilical) |
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Brachium |
Arm (brachial) |
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Antecubitis |
Front of elbow (antecubital) |
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Antebrachium |
Forearm (antebrachial) |
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Carpus |
Wrist (carpal) |
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Hip |
Hip (coxal) |
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Pollex |
Thumb |
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Pelvis |
Pelvis (pelvic) |
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Inguen |
Groin (inguinal) |
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Palma |
Palm (palmar) |
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Digits/Phalanges |
Fingers (digital or phalangeal) |
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Pubis |
Pubis (pubic) |
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Patella |
Kneecap (patellar) |
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Femur |
Thigh (femoral) |
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Crus |
Legs (crural) |
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Tarsus |
Ankle (tarsal) |
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Digits/Phalanges |
Toes (digital or phalangeal) |
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Pes |
Foot (pedal) |
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Anterior |
Front(al) |
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Posterior |
Back |
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Shoulder |
Shoulder (acromial) |
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Cephalon |
Head (cephalic) |
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Dosum |
Back (dorsal) |
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Cervicis |
Neck (cervical) |
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Brachium |
Arm (brachial) |
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Olecranon |
Back of elbow (olecranal) |
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Manus |
Hand (manual) |
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Gluteus |
Buttock (gluteal) |
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Femur |
Thigh (femoral) |
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Popliteus |
Back of knee (popliteal) |
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Sura |
Calf (sural) |
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Calcaneus |
Heel (calcacaneal) |
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Planta |
Sole of foot (plantar) |
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Prone |
A face down orientation |
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Supine |
A face up orientation |
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Anterior/Ventral |
The front or direction towards the front of the body. The toes are anterior to the foot |
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Posterior/Dorsal |
The back or direction towards the back of the body. The popliteus is posterior to the patella |
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Superior/Cranial |
A position above or higher than another part of the body proper. The orbits are superior to the oris |
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Inferior/Caudal |
A position below or lower than another part of the body proper; near or toward the tail (in humans, the coccyx, or the lowest part of the spinal column). The pelvis is inferior to the abdomen |
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Lateral |
Beside or direction towards the side of the body. The thumb (pollex) is lateral to the digits |
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Medial |
The middle or direction toward the middle of the body. The hallux is the medial toe |
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Proximal |
A position in a limb that is nearer to the point of attachment or the trunk of the body. The brachium is proximal to the antebrachium |
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Distal |
A position in a limb that is farther from the point of attachment or the trunk of the body. The crus is distal to the femur |
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Superficial |
A position closer to the surface of the body. The skin is superficial to the bones |
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Deep |
A position farther from the surface of the body. The brain is deep to the skull |
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Section |
A two-dimensional surface of a three-dimensional structure that has been cut |
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Plane |
An imaginary two-dimensional surface that passes through the body. There are three planes commonly referred to in anatomy and medicine |
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Sagittal Plane |
The plane that divides the body or an organ vertically into right and left sides. If this vertical plane runs directly down the middle of the body, it is called a midsagittal or median plane. If it divides the body into unequal right and left sides, it is called a parasagittal plane or less commonly a longitudinal section |
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Frontal Plane |
The plane that divides the body or an organ into an anterior portion and a posterior portion. The frontal plane is often referred to as a coronal plane |
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Transverse Plane |
The plane that divides the body or organ horizontally into upper and lower portions. Transverse planes produce images referred to as cross sections |
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Dorsal Cavity |
One of the two largest body compartments; contains cranial cavity and vertebral cavity |
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Ventral Cavity |
One of the two largest body cavities; contains the thoracic cavity and the abdomino-pelvic cavity (which contains the abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity) |
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Cranial Cavity |
Houses the brain |
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Spinal Cavitt |
Encloses the spinal cord |
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Thoracic Cavity |
Encloses the rib cage, and contains the heart and lungs, which is located in the mediastinum. The diaphragm of the thoracic cavity separates it from the inferior abdominopelvic cavity |
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Abdomino-Pelvic Cavity |
The largest cavity in the body. The abdominal contains the digestive organs, and the pelvic cavity, is the division that houses the organs of reproduction |
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How many abdominal regions are there? |
9 |
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What are the names of the abdominal regions? |
Right hypochondriac region, epigastric region, left hypochondriac region, right lumbar region, umbilical region, left lumbar region, right iliac region, hypogastric region, left iliac region |
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How many abdominal quadrants are there in the peritoneal cavity? |
4 |
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What are the names of the abdominal quadrants in the peritoneal cavity? |
Right upper quadrant (RUQ), left upper quadrant (LUQ), right lower quadrant (RLQ), left lower quadrant (LLQ) |
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Serous Membrane AKA Serosa |
One of the thin membranes that covers the walls and organs in the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities |
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Visceral Layer (Viscera) |
The visceral layer of the membrane covers the organs |
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Parietal Layers |
The parietal layers of the membranes line the walls of the body cavity |
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Pleura |
The serous membrane that surrounds the lungs in the pleural cavity |
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Pericardium |
The serous membrane that surrounds the heart in the pericardial cavity |
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Peritoneum |
The serous membrane that surrounds several organs in the abdominopelvic cavity |
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X-Ray |
A form of high-energy electromagnetic radiation with a short wavelength capable of penetrating solids and ionizing gases |
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Computed Tomography (CT) |
A non-invasive Imaging technique that uses computers to analyze several cross-sectional x-rays in order to reveal minute details about structures in the body |
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Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) |
A non-invasive Medical Imaging technique based on a phenomenon of nuclear physics discovered in the 1930s, in which matter exposed to magnetic fields and radio waves was found to admit radio signals |
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Positron Emission Tomography |
A medical imaging technique involving the use of so-called radiopharmaceuticals, substances that emit radiation that is short-lived and therefore relatively safe to administer to the body |
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Ultrasonography |
An imaging technique that uses the transmission of high frequency sound waves into the body to generate an echo signal that is converted by a computer into a real-time image of anatomy and physiology |
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Renewal |
Process by which worn-out cells are replaced |
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Responsiveness |
Ability of an organism or a system to adjust to changes in conditions |
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What is the purpose of the integumentary system? |
It encloses internal body structures. It is the site of many sensory receptors. This system includes hair, skin, and nails |
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What is the purpose of the skeletal system? |
It's supports the body. It enables movement with help from the muscular system. The system includes cartilage, bones, and joints |
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What is the purpose of the muscular system? |
It enables movement was help from the skeletal system and it helps maintain body temperature. The muscular system includes skeletal muscles and tendons |
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What is the purpose of the nervous system? |
It detects and processes sensory information and activates bodily responses. The nervous system contains the brain spinal cord and peripheral nerves |
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What is the purpose of the endocrine system? |
It secretes hormones and regulates bodily processes. The endocrine system includes the pituitary gland, the thyroid gland, the pancreas, the adrenal glands, the testes, and the ovaries |
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What is the purpose of the cardiovascular system? |
It delivers oxygen and nutrients to tissues and an equalizes temperature in the body. The cardiovascular system includes the heart and blood vessels |
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What is the purpose of the lymphatic system? |
It returns fluid to the blood and defense against pathogens. The lymphatic system includes the thymus, the lymph nodes, the spleen, and lymphatic vessels |
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What is the purpose of the respiratory system? |
It removes carbon dioxide from the body and delivers oxygen to the blood. The respiratory system includes the nasal passage, the trachea, and the lungs |
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What is the purpose of the digestive system? |
The process is food for used by the body and removes wastes from undigested food. The digestive system includes the stomach, the liver, the gallbladder, the large intestine, and the small intestine |
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What is the purpose of the urinary system? |
It controls water balance in the body and removes waste from blood and excretes them. The urinary system includes the kidneys and the urinary bladder |
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What is the purpose of the male reproductive system? |
I produces sex hormones and gametes and delivers gametes to females. The male reproductive system includes the epididymis and the testes |
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What is the purpose of the female reproductive system? |
It produces sex hormones and gametes, supports embryos and fetuses until birth, and produces milk for infants. The female reproductive system includes the mammary glands, the ovaries, and the uterus |
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What is the body's largest organ system? |
The integumentary system |
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Atmospheric air is only _____% oxygen... |
20 |
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Brain damage is likely within ____ minutes without oxygen, and death is likely within _____... |
5, 10 |
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What is the most critical nutrient? |
Water |
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Water is the largest component of cells, blood, and the between cells, and water makes up _____% of all adult's bodies.... |
70 |
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When body temperature rises well above or drops well below normal, certain proteins enzymes that facilitate chemical reactions lose their normal structure and their ability to function and the chemical reactions of metabolism cannot proceed. Chemical reaction can only take place within a narrow range of body temperature, from just below to just above ______°F... |
98.6(°F) |
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Atmospheric Pressure |
Pressure exerted by the mixture of gases, primarily nitrogen and oxygen, in the Earth's atmosphere |
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