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54 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What are the symptoms of cervical rib? |
Cervical Rib (Thoracic Outlet Syndrome) - ischemia [lack of blood supply to tissue] - pain in the medial aspect of arm [lower brachial plexus affected] - palpable mass near clavicle [compression to Subclavian Artery] |
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Which rib contains a costal groove? |
Rib 1 - the costal groove is where the intercostal arteries/veins/nerve lie. - found b/w the internal surface & inferior border of Rib1
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The angle of Louis corresponds to what level? |
Angle of Louis (Sternal Angle) = T4 |
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What aids movement of the Rib (thoracic) Cage during respiration? |
1) Movement of the Manubriosternal Joint 2) Elasticity of Costal Cartilage 3) Contraction of the sternocleidomastoid, Scalene and Respiratory Muscles 4) Elevation by Sternum 5) Mobility in Costovertebral Joints 6) Increase of Kyphosis (normal convex curvature of spine) of the Thoracic Column
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What part of the sternum is used for bone marrow biopsy? |
Upper 1/3
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The scalene gap is formed between the ___________ and the _______________. |
Scalenus Anterior and Scalenus Medius |
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What is found in the Scalene Gap? |
The Brachial Plexus: - C5 - C6 - C7 - C8 - T1 Subclavian Artery |
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The Origin of the Inferior Epigastric Artery (IEA) is the _____________. |
External Iliac Artery [located Anterior]
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Coarctation of the Aorta is often associated with ____________ ___________________. |
Turner's Syndrome
- (in Females) is the absence of an entire sex chromosome: X. - Coarctation of the Aorta is Dilation of: - Internal Thoracic Artery - Musculophrenic Artery - Superior Epigastric Artery
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The root of the Subcostal Nerve is _______. |
T12
["Least Splanchnic Nerve"] |
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Intercostal Nerve Block is performed near the _______ border of the rib while Thoracocentesis (Pleural Tap) is performed near the ________ border of the rib. |
Lower, Upper
- Intercostal Nerve Block is Lower Rib because the nerves, veins and arteries are located there. - Thoracocentesis/Pleural Tap is Upper Rib because there is nothing above the rib and it avoids damage to the intercostal Vein/Artery/Nerve. |
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Which of the following is not a dermatome of the Thorax?
a) T1 b) T2 c) T3 d) T4 |
T4
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What hormone is involved in milk production? |
Prolactin - produces milk & helps in metabolism and regulation of immune system.
Other Hormones & Their Functions: - Oxytocin (helps release milk from thalamus) - FSH (growth in pubertal maturation) - LH (triggers ovulation & corpus luteum development) |
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The nipple dermatome is at the level of ______. |
T4 |
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What 3 arteries make up the blood supply of the breast? |
Breast Blood Supply 1) Internal Thoracic Artery 2) Axillary Artery (Lateral Thoracic Artery) 3) Intercostal Artery |
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The ____________ lymph nodes directly receive the majority of breast lymphatics from the subareolar plexus of Sappy. |
Pectoral --------------------- Pectoral - (breast, lower pect. minor) Subscapular - (axilla) Humeral - (humerus) Apicial - (upper pect. minor) |
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Gyenecomastia is associated with ___________. |
Klinefelter's Syndrome
Terms: - Gyenecomastia (endocrine disorder: enlargement of breast tissue in males) - Klinefelter's Syndrome (XXY, genetic disorder with at least one extra 'X Chromosome') |
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What are examples of content found in the Posterior Mediastinum? |
Posterior Mediastinum Contents: - Thoracic part of Descending Aorta - Azygos Vein - Hemiazygos Vein - Vagus Nerve - Splanchnic Nerves - Sympathetic Chain - Esophagus |
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Intrapleural Pressure at rest is ___________. |
-3 mm water (at rest)
*In contrast, IP when breathing in is -6mm* |
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Thoracocentesis (Pleural Tap) usually is NOT supposed to puncture the _______________.
a) skin b) fat c) parietal pleura d) visceral pleura |
Visceral Pleura |
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Where is the inferior border of the rib in the midclavicular line in an adult? |
6th rib ---------------- Other info: - midaxillary line (8th) - scapular line (10th) *it is one rib higher in children* |
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Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium is found in the ______________. |
Trachea ----------------------- Stomach - Sim. Colum. Breast - Adipose CN Heart - Sim. Squam. *CN = conn. tissue* |
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The epithelium of the alveoli (sacks in the lungs) is ___________ ______________. |
Simple Squamous
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The width of the blood-air barrier is approximately ____________. |
0.5 micrometers |
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What is found in the Bronchopulmonary Segment? |
Bronchopulmonary Segment: 1) Pulmonary Vein (tributary) 2) Bronchial Artery 3) Pulmonary Artery |
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Total Lung Capacity is approximately _________. |
5.9 liters (TLC) ------------------- Other Info: - TV = 0.5 liters - IRV = 3.0 liters - IRV = 1.2 liters - RV = 1.2 liters - FVC = 4.7 liters |
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The erythrocytic (RBC) partial pressure of oxygen is __________. |
40 mm Hg -------------------------------- Capillary (blood) - PO2 = 40 mmHg - PCO2 = 46 mmHg Alveoli (tiny air sacs) - PO2 = 100 mmHg - PCO2 = 40 mmHg |
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In relation to Lung innervation, what are results of Sympathetic activity? |
Sympathetic (T1-T4/5) results: *Efferent* [conducting outward] - Bronchodilation - Vasoconstriction - Inhibitory to Glands *Afferent* [conducting inward] - Pain - Pleura & Bronchi |
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In relation to Lung innervation, what are results of Parasympathetic activity? |
Parasympathetic (Vagus N.) results: *Efferent* [conducting outward] - Bronchoconstriction - Vasodilation - Secretomotor (mucus secretion) *Afferent* [conducting inward] - Pain (stretch) - Respiratory Epithelium & Trachea |
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What are the Types of COPD's (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases)? |
COPD = less flow in airways 1) Asthma - inflammation of bronchial wall - tightened bronchioles - Increased of mucus (narrowed lumen) 2) Emhysema [pink puffers] - Damage to lung tissue (difficulty breathing) 3) Chronic Bronchitis [blue bloaters]
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"Blue Bloating" is a characteristic of ____________ _______________. |
Chronic Bronchitis - Inflammation/ Swelling of bronchial wall - Increased mucus secretion - Hypertrophy of seromucous glands - Scarring of terminal airways - "Blue Bloaters" - Coughing - Chronic Infections
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In relation to Heart innervation, what are the results of Sympathetic activity in the? |
Sympathetic (T1-T5) results:
- Increases Heart rate
- Contraction force & Impulse Conduction
- Vasodilation of Coronary Artery |
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In relation to Heart innervation, what are the results of Parasympathetic activity? |
Parasympathetic (Vagus N.) results:
- Decreases Heart Rate & Force
- Vasoconstriction of Coronary Artery |
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Where is the apex of the Heart found? |
5th intercostal space @ Midclavicular Line (Mitral Valve) -------------------------------- - 5th @ Sternum (Tricuspid) - Left 2nd (Pulmonary) - Right 2nd (Aortic)
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The valve of Eustachius covers the opening for the _______. |
IVC (Inferior Vena Cava)
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The Valve of Thebesius covers the __________. |
CS (Coronary Sinus) |
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What are the cusps of the Aortic Valve? |
Cusps of the Aortic Valve: 1) Left Aortic Cusp 2) Right Aortic Cusp 3) Posterior Aortic Cusp |
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The impulse frequency of the Bundle of His is ______. |
25-45 ipm (impulses per minute) ----------------------- Other Info: - Normal H.R. = 50-60 ipm - SA Node = 70 ipm |
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What part of an EKG (ECG) represents ventricular depolarization? |
T-Wave (ventricular repolarization) ------------------ Other Info: - P Wave (Atrial Repolarization) - QRS Complex (Ventricular Depolarization) - ST Segment (isoelectric, ventricular depolarization) |
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What EKG pattern is a characteristic of Prinzmetal (Vasospastic) Angina? |
ST Elevation --------------------- - EKG/ECG (monitors electrical activity of Heart) - P.A (cardiac chest pain at rest) - cause: vasospasm
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The Aortic Valve can be heard ____________. |
Parasternal @ Right 2nd Intercostal Space ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Other Info: - Pulmonary (parasternal @ Left 2nd I.S.) - Tricuspid (Over Sternum @ Left 5th I.S.) - Mitral (Apex of the Heart on the Midclavicular Line @ Left 5th I.S.) |
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The right marginal artery supplies the ________. |
Right Ventricle
and
Apex of the Heart |
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There are NO anastosomes between the coronary arteries.
True or False |
False
-------------------------------- Anastosome - cross connection between adjacent channels, fibers, etc... |
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The upper part of the Esophagus is supplied by the _____________. |
Inferior Thyroid Artery ------------------------------------------------------------- Blood Supply: (Esophagus) - Upper (Inf. Thyroid A.) - Middle (4-5 Esophagus A. & Bronchial A.) - Lower (Left Gastric A. & Inf. Phrenic A.) |
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What are the roots of the Phrenic Nerve? |
Phrenic Nerve Roots: - C3 - C4 - C5 - L1 - L2 - Intercostal (sensory) Nerve |
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The Aortic Hiatus for the thoracic diaphragm is at the level of _______. |
T12 ------------- Hiatuses of the Thoracic Diaphragm: 1) Aortic: T12 2) Esophageal: T10 3) IVC: T8 |
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What are the roots of the Splanchnic Nerve? |
Greater Splanchnic: - T5-T9
Lesser Splanchnic: - T10-T11
Least Splanchnic: - T12 |
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A ______________ ________________ is performed to visualize the coronary vessels by injecting contrast medium into a catheter which is inserted through the femoral artery and or the brachial vein (NOT artery). The contrast can be viewed by an X-Ray. |
Coronary Angiography |
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Auscultation (listening to heart by stethoscope): 1st sound is the closing of the AV Valves - _________ Valve = over sternum, left 5th i.s. - _________ Valve = apex of heart on midclavicular left 5th i.s. 2nd sound is the closing of the SemiLunar Valves - ___________ Valve = parasternal right 2nd i.s. - ___________ Valve = parasternal left 2nd i.s. |
Tricuspid Mitral or Bicuspid Aortic Pulmonary |
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Anterior _________ _____________ ossification can cause restriction to the mobility of the rib cage. |
Costal Cartilage |
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What intercostal space is Thoracocentesis performed in? |
9th Intercostal Space (on the MidAxillary Line) |
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___________________ is the presence of more than one nipple on a breast. |
Polythelia |
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___________________ is the presence of more than 2 breasts. |
Polymastia |
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A tumor in the ___________ ____________ of the breast may cause an orange peel appearance (dimpling). |
Cooper's (Suspensory) Ligament |