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136 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
piriform aperture
|
opening (behind nose)
Maxillae surround it |
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muscles of facial expression
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-frontalis
-orbicularis oculi -corrugator supercili -orbicularis oris -levator labii superioris alaeque nasi -zygomaticus major -buccinator -depressor anguli oris *all CN VII innervated |
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orbicularis oculi
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-two portions:
-- orbital (peripheral): clench eyes shut -- palpebral (eyelid): blinking -protects eye/cornea -CN VII innerv |
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orbicularis oris
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-sphincter; closes & protrudes lips
-helps keep food btwn the teeth |
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buccinator muscle
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-presses cheeks vs teeth (helps w/ chewing)
-expel air when playing instrument -parotid gland duct pierces -CN VII innerv |
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frontalis
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-part of occititofrontalis muscle
-wrinkles forehead, surprise CN VII innerv |
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corrugator supercilii
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-draws eyebrows together as in frowning
-vertical wrinkling above nose - CN VII innerv |
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depressor anguli oris
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-depressing corner of mouth as in frowning
-CN VII innerv |
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zygomaticus major
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-laughing & smiling
-CN VII innerv |
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Levator labii superioris alaeque nasi
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-raises upper lip
-CN VII innerv |
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3 items that pass through parotid gland
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1. facial nerve CN VII (*but DOESN'T innervate parotid; CN IX [glossopharyngeal] innervs)
2. Retromandibular vein 3. External carotid artery |
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lympatic drainage of head & neck:
-where drain to -nodes |
-drain to deep cervical nodes (along IJV)
superficial nodes: -occipital -mastoid -parotid -submandibular -submental |
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lymph flow, head & neck
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1. superficial cervical nodes
2. deep cervical nodes 3. R: right lymphatic duct L: thoractic duct |
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branchiomotor fibers
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-CNs V, VII, IX & X
-for muscles from pharyngeal arches |
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parasympathetic nerves (cranial)
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CNs III, VII, IX & X
(visceral motor) *VII (facial) does 80% of parasymp in head |
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parasympathetic ganglia
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(paired)
1. ciliary (CN III) [lacrimal gl] 2. pterygopalatine (CN VII) [pupil constriction] 3. otic (CN IX) [parotid gl] 4. submandibular (CN VII) [salivary glands] |
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trigeminal ganglion
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-lg sensory ganglion w/in cranial cavity for cell bodies of CN V's sens nerves
|
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muscles of mastication
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1. masseter
2. temporalis 3. pterygoids 4. mylohyoid 5. anterior digastric [tensor veli palatini & tensor tympani = from 1st pharyngeal arch & innerv by V3 also) |
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Fractures of calvaria
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- linear: @ point of impact, fx lines radiate away in 2+ directions; most frequent type of fx
- depressed: fragment of bone depresses inward to compress brain - comminuted: bone broken in several pieces - basilar: bones of base fx'd (due to severe blunt trauma or force); usually connects dural venous sinuses --> fluid/air entry into inside of skull --> infection - contrecoup (counterblow): fx @ opposite side of skull from actual impact |
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Scalp layers
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S: skin
C: connective tissue (dense; VAN here) A: aponeurosis (occipitalis & frontalis muscles) L: loose connective tissue (infections localize/spread here) P: pericranium (external layer of periosteum) |
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skull bone layers
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external table: compact
diploe: spongy (cancellous) internal table: compact |
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scalp infection "danger area"
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-loose connective tissue: pus/blood spreads easily w/in it
-infection here --> cranial cavity via emissary veins (thru parietal foramina) -pus/blood can enter eyelids & root of nose = black eyes -pus/blooc can NOT spread to neck (b/c occipitalis musc) or cheeks (b/c temporal fascia) |
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membranous layers surrounding brain
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1. dura mater
2. arachnoid mater 3. pia mater |
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dura mater notes
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- 2 layers:
1. inner meningeal (closest to brain); close contact w/ arachnoid, continuous w/ spinal dura mater through foramen magnum 2. outer periosteal (closer to skull); attaches to skull, continuous w/ periosteum at foramen magnum & other intracranial for. btwn layers = sinuses (eg: sup sag sin) -also make dural partitions (eg: falx cerebri) -- innerv: V1 = anterior cranial fossa/falx cerebri/tentorium cerebelli V2 & 3 = middle cranial fossa X & C1-3 = posterior cranial fossa - vascularization: middle meningeal artery (mostly) |
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dural partitions
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- falx cerebri
- tentorium cerebelli - falx cerebelli - diaphragma sellae |
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falx cerebri
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- meningeal dura (vertical)
- btwn 2 cerebral hemispheres - attached to crista galli of ethmoid bone - innerv by CN V1 |
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tentorium cerebelli
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- meningeal dura (horizontal)
- separates cerebrum from cerebellum "tentorium = tent" - innerv by CN V1 |
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falx cerebelli
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- meningeal dura (vertical)
- projects btwn 2 cerebellar hemispheres |
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diaphragma sellae
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- meningeal dura (horizontal)
- covers hypophyseal fossa in sella turcica of sphenoid bone |
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middle meningeal artery
-origin -course -distribution |
-from maxillary art (ECA)
-ascends vertically, runs w/in periosteal (outer) dura layer, passes thru foramen spinosum into cranial cavity -vasc to dura mater, bone, bone marrow *can be damaged by lateral blows to head (eg at pterion) = epidural hematoma |
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C1 general sensory area
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posterior cranial fossa (along w/ CN X & C2-3)
**NO C1 dermatome |
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arachnoid mater
|
- thin, avascular memebrane
- next to surface of dura (meningeal) - trabeculae = from inner surface, beams cross subarachnoid space & become contin w/ pia mater ** does NOT invaginate into sulci like pia |
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pia mater
|
- thin, delicate membrane
- invaginates surface of brain - closely applied to CN roots - leptomeninges = arachnoid + pia |
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epidural (extradural) space
|
- potential space btwn bone & periosteal (outer) dura
- epidural hematoma = when bleeding can accumulate in this space (eg: if middle meningeal art lacerated) --> loss of conscioiusness, lucid period, drowsiness & coma = compression of brain as blood mass increases |
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subdural hematoma
|
- bleeding beneath dura = makes potential space a real space
- btwn dura & arachnoid - can happen when head trauma suddenly moves brain inside = tears cerebral veins |
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subarachnoid hemorrhage
|
- blood collecting in subarachnoid space (usu from cerebral arts)
- from rupture of aneurysm or trauma - = meningeal irritation, headache, stiff neck, loss of consciousness |
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Sections of the brain
|
1. telencephalon
2. diencephalon 3. mesencephalon (midbrain) 4. metencephalon 5. myelencephalon |
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Telencephalon
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- cerebral hemispheres
- surrounds lateral ventricles - 4 lobes: frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal - all lobes involved w/ integ & proc of sensory data, & proc/initiating motor activities |
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Diencephalon
|
- thalamus
- hypothalamus - pituitary gland - surrounds 3rd ventricle - sometimes considered part of brainstem |
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Mesencephalon/midbrain
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- cerebral peduncles
- superior & inf colliculi (corpora quadrigemina) - part of brainstem - surrounds cerebral aqueduct |
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Metencephalon
|
- cerebellum
- pons - part of brainstem - surrounds 4th ventricle |
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Myelencephalon
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- medulla oblongata
- part of brainstem - surrounds 4th ventricle |
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frontal lobe (telencephalon, cerebrum)
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- voluntary control of skeletal muscles
|
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parietal lobe (telencephalon, cerebrum)
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- conscious perception of touch, pressure, vibration, pain, temperature, taste
|
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occipital lobe (telencephalon, cerebrum)
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- conscious perception of visual stimuli
|
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temporal lobe (telencephalon, cerebrum)
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- conscious perception of auditory & olfactory stimuli
|
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cerebral cortex
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- two cerebral hemispheres
- gyri = elevations - sulci = depressions *central sulcus: runs continuously vertically *lateral sulcus: also continuous horiz -- precentral gyrus = motor -- postcentral gyrus = sensory - general cerebral fcn: 1. conscious thought processes, intellectual fcns 2. memory storage & processing 3. voluntary & invol reg of somatic motor patterns |
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Diencephalon (anterior)
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- infundibulum (pituitary stalk)
- mamillary bodies: part of limbic system (emotions) - olfactory tract -optic tract & optic chiasm |
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Diencephalon (posterior)
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- pineal body (endocrine, pdc melatonin, reg circadian rhythms)
|
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Diencephalon (midsagittal)
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- thalamus: relay & processing ctr for sensory info
- hypothalamus: ctr controls emotions, autonomic fcns, hormone pdc'n |
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Mesencephalon (anterior)
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- cerebral peduncles (crura): form most of midbrain; motor fiber relays, generate invol somatic motor responses
- interpeduncular fossa: space btwn peduncles w/ perforated substance - oculomotor (III) n. - trochlear (IV) n. |
|
Mesencephalon (posterior)
|
Colliculi = PAIRED
- superior colliculi: hand-eye coord - inferior colliculi: auditory pathways - corpora quadrigemina = 4 colliculi together **Trochlear (IV) n. orig below inf colliculi & curves out & anteriorly |
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Metencephalon (pons)
|
- pons: relays sensory info to cerebellum & thalamus; somatic & visceral motor centers
- trigeminal (V) n. - abducens (VI) n. - facial (VII) n. - vestibulocochlear (VIII) n. *all CN here emerge from anterior side |
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Metencephalon (cerebellum)
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- cerebellum: (anterior & posterior lobes) coord complex somatic motor patterns; adjusts output of other somatic motor ctrs in brain & spinal cord
- vermis = worm-shaped depression btwn cerebellar hemispheres - flocculus = "lock of unspun wool" runs btwn pons & cerebellum |
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Myelencephalon
|
- medulla oblongata: relays sensory info to thalamus
-- autonomic ctrs for reg of visceral fcn (CV, resp, digestive) -portions: olive, pyramid, C1 ventral roots - glossopharyngeal (IX) n. - accessory (XI) n. - hypoglossal (XII) n. [runs over olive] |
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CN I - olfactory
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- synapse w/ 2ndary neurons in olfactory bulbs
- olfact bulbs = on inf surf of cerebrum ~ special sensory |
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CN II - optic
|
- orig in retina of eye, cross @ optic chiasm, continue as optic tracts to diencephalon
~ special sensory |
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CN III - oculomotor
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- orig in midbrain, leaves anterior surf of brainstem btwn midbrain & pons (lateral to mammary & infundibulum)
~ somatic motor (5 extraoc musc) ~ visceral motor para (ciliary body, sphincter pupillae, glands) |
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CN IV - trochlear
|
- arises in midbrain, ONLY CN to exit from posterior surf of brainstem
- LONGEST intracranial (subarachnoid) trajectory - susceptible to damage during head trauma - innervates ONE muscle of eye (superior oblique) ~ somatic motor (super oblique) |
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CN V - trigeminal
|
- orig in pons, exits anterolateral surf of pons as large sensory & small motor root
- 3 main divisions (1: opthalmic, 2: maxillary, 3: mandibular) ~ general sensory (skin of face, cornea, sinuses, nasal/oral cav, palate, teeth, ant 2/3 tongue, dura) ~ branchial motor (arch 1: mastication musc, mylohyoid, ant digastric, tensor tympani, tensory vili palatine) |
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CN VI - abducens
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- arise from pons, exit brainstem @ pontomedullary jcn
- longest interdural trajectory -more medial than VII; just ant to pyramid of medulla obl. ~ somatic motor (lateral rectus) |
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CN VII - facial
|
- arise from pons & exit brainstem @ pontomedullary jcn
- does 80% of parasymp to head - 5 main branches: TZBMC ~ gen sensory (ext aud meatus) ~ visc motor para (glands [lacrimal, nasal, palatine, pharyngeal, submandib, subling]) ~ visc sens (palate) ~ special sens (taste ant 2/3 tongue, palate) ~ branchiomotor (arch 2: facial expr musc, post digastric, stapedius, stylohyoid) |
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CN VIII - vestibulocochlear
|
- arise from pons & exit brainstem @ pontomedullary jcn
- splits into vestibular & cochlear branches ~ special sens: hearing, equilibrium |
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CN IX - glossopharyngeal
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- arises from medulla
~ gen sens: external ear ~ visc motor para: parotid gland ~ visc sens: middle ear, tonsils, pharyngeal mucosa, post 1/3 tongue, carotid sinus/body ~ special sens: taste post 1/3 tongue ~ branchiomotor: arch 3: stylopharyngeus |
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CN X - Vagus
|
- arises from medulla
~ gen sens: external ear, external aud meatus, dura ~ visc motor para: THORAX (heart, lungs, GI tract thru TV colon) ~ visc sens: mucosa of pharynx & larynx, heart, lungs, GI tract thru TV colon ~ special sensory: taste (valleculae) ~ branchiomotor: arch 4 (palate, pharynx, criocothyroid musc) & arch 6 (intrinsic laryngeal musc) |
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CN XI - spinal accessory
|
- arises from spinal cord C1-5, ascends thru for. magnum
- sometimes joins w/ cranial accessory (CN X) - exits via jugular foramen w/ IX, X ~ somatic motor: SCM, trapezius |
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CN XII - hypoglossal nerve
|
- arises from medulla (lateral)
- goes underneath tongue to innerv tongue muscles - exits via hypoglossal canal ~ somatic motor: tongue musc (3 extr, 3 intr) |
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6 potential nerve fiber types of cranial nerves
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1. somatic motor
2. general sensory 3. visceral motor (para!) 4. visceral sensory 5. special sensory 6. branchiomotor ** NO visceral symp-- those orig in thoracolumbar (T1-L2) & ascend via symp chain |
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Ventricles of brain
|
4 ventricles, pdc & hold CSF
- choroid plexus = produces CSF - interventricular foramen (1-2) - cerebral aqueduct (3-4) - lateral aperture (4) - median aperture (4) * HOLD CSF |
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choroid plexus
|
- mass of capillaries, invested by modified ependymal cells
- makes CSF - CSF circ in subarachnoid space in brain & spinal cord |
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otorrhea
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- CSF leakage into ear
- usually after basilar skull Fx |
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rhinorrhea
|
- CSF leakage into nose
- usually after basilar skull fx |
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basic CSF circulation
|
- lateral ventricles --> 3rd v (via interventric for. of Monro)
- 3rd ventr --> 4th (via cerebral aqueduct of Sylvius) - 4th ventr --> subarachnoid space (via 1 median & 2 lateral apertures) - subarach space --> venous sinuses - CSF recycled back to venous sinuses via arachnoid granulations |
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hydrocephalus
|
- overpdc'n of CSF, obstruction of CSF flow, interference w/ CSF absorption
- excess CSF dilates ventricles, thins cerebral cortex, separates bones of calvaria in infants -blockage in cerebral aqueduct or interventricular for. |
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cingulate gyrus
|
- runs on top of corpus callosum
|
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septum pellucidum
|
separates ventricle from ?
|
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Separation of oral cavity & oropharynx
|
-palatoglossal arch
(posterior to arch = palatine tonsil, then palatopharyngeal arch) |
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contents of nasopharynx
|
- cartilaginous eustacian tube (covered superiorly by torus tubarius)
- pharyngeal recess - salpopharyngeal fold (over musc) [nasopharynx = base of skull to soft palate] |
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contents of oropharynx
|
- posterior 1/3 of tongue
- valleculae - lingual & palatine tonsils - palatoglossal & palatopharyngeal arches (pillars of fauces) [orophar = soft palate to base of tongue] |
|
valleculae
|
- depression btwn base of tongue & epiglottis
- bordered by glossoepiglottic folds |
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contents of laryngopharynx
|
- opening of esophagus
- piriform recesses (lateral to larynx opening, outpouchings where foreign obj can lodge) [laryngopharynx = behind larynx] |
|
tonsils
|
- collections of lymphoid tissue
- form incomplete circle around pharyngeal inlet - regress as get older - 4 types: 1. pharyngeal (in pharyng recess in nasophar) 2. tubular (over eustacian tube in nasophar) 3. palatine (btwn palatoglossal & palatopharyngeal arches in orophar [=tonsilar fossa]) 4. lingual (post 1/3 of tongue in orophar) |
|
tonsillectomy
- which tonsil group (usually) - risk for nerve damage (which nerve)? |
- usu palatine tonsils
- can damage lingual branch of glossopharyngeal n (CN IX) ==> altered sensation to posterior 1/3 of tongue |
|
Tonsiloliths
|
- debris stuck in tonsils, can become calcified
- can be cause of bad breath - usually only found in ppl who still have palatine tonsils |
|
adenoiditis
|
- enlarged/inflamed pharyngeal & tubal tonsils (in nasophar)
- can cause breathing probs b/c blockage of choanae - Sx/probs: ~ mouth breathing ~ dental probs ~ middle ear infections (b/c fluid backed up & Eust tube can't drain) ~ hearing loss |
|
Pharyngeal raphe
|
- where sup, mid & infer pharyngeal constrictors meet
- posterior midline |
|
superior pharyngeal constrictor
|
- common attachment w/ buccinator at pterygomandibular raphe
- posterior to buccinator |
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pterygomandibular raphe
|
- from pterygoid hamulus to just posterior to 3rd molar
- where superior pharyngeal constrictor & buccinator muscles meet |
|
middle pharyngeal constrictor
|
- from pharyngeal raphe to hyoid bone
|
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inferior pharyngeal constrictor
|
- from pharyngeal raphe to thyroid & cricoid cartilages
- cricopharyngeus portion = sphincter for superior end of esophagus |
|
Longitudinal pharyngeal muscles
|
- stylopharyngeus (from styloid, passes btwn sup & mid phar constr to end at thyroid cartilage)
- salpingopharyngeus (Eust tube along salpingopharyng fold, blends w/ palatopharyngeus inferiorly) - palatopharyngeus (palatopharyngeal fold: one of pillars of fauces) |
|
Innervation of pharyngeal muscles
|
- Motor: all are Vagus (CN X)
- *exception = stylopharyngeus: CN IX, 3rd arch muscle - sensory: glossopharyngeal (CN IX) - pharyngeal plexus = CN IX & X |
|
gag reflex: which nerves?
|
- CN IX (glossopharyng)- posterior 1/3 of tongue/oropharynx v sensitive to touch
- causes contraction of IX & X muscles |
|
Tensor veli palatini muscle
- location - fcn - innervation |
- temporal bone & auditory tube, descends & swings around hamulus of medial pterygoid plate; tendon flattens & meets that from other side = palatine aponeurosis
- tenses soft palate: closes naso from oropharynx when swallow, opens auditory tube when yawn/swallow - TRIGEMINAL (V3), 1st arch muscle |
|
Levator veli palatini muscle
- location - fcn - innervation |
- temporal bone & auditory tube, descends & inserts into palatine aponeurosis (doesn't wrap around hamulus = posterior to tensor veli palatini)
- elevates soft palate: closes naso from orophar, helps open aud tube - VAGUS, 4-6th arch |
|
Palatoglossus muscle
- loc - fcn - innerv |
- palatine aponeurosis to lateral side of tongue
- depresses soft palate, narrows pharyngeal inlet - (vagus?) - * = palatoglossal arch when covered by mucosa (= ant pillar of fauces) |
|
Palatopharyngeus muscle
- loc - fcn - innerv |
- palatine aponeurosis to lateral pharyngeal wall
- depresses soft palate, narrows pharyngeal inlet (same as palatoglossus) - (vagus?) - * = palatopharyngeal arch when covered by mucosa (= post pillar of fauces) |
|
Innervation of soft palate muscles
|
- All Vagus (CN X)
- *except: tensor veli palatini (V3) |
|
Larynx- structures/spaces (as move down)
|
- vestibule
- vestibular fold (false vocal cord) - ventricle - vocal fold (true vocal cord, has vocal ligament) |
|
Spaces of larynx
|
- vestibule: sup to vestib/false folds, entrance to larynx
- ventricle: btwn vestibular & vocal cords (false & true) - glottis: vocal cords & space btwn true cords, V-shaped |
|
Arytenoid cartilages
- location - portions - fcns |
- posterior superior cricoid surface
- lateral process = muscle attachment (goes to thyroid or cricod cart) - anterior process = vocal (vocal ligament, also to inner thyroid cart) |
|
Epiglottis
|
- cartilage at base of tongue
- sep from tongue by valleculae - connects to arytenoid cart via aryepiglottic folds - superior to quadrangular membrane |
|
Quadrangular membrane (laryngeal)
|
- btwn epiglottis & arytenoid cartilages
- upper border = aryepiglottic folds - lower border = vestibular (false) ligament |
|
conus elasticus (laryngeal)
|
- btwn cricoid & thyroid cartilages
- upper border = true vocal cord - lower border = cricoid cartilage |
|
laryngeal muscles: 2 major fcns
|
1. close laryngeal inlet (keep food out of airway, effort closure = closing both false & true, increase abd pressure)
2. move vocal cords (open airway, pdc |
|
laryngeal muscles
|
- posterior cricoarytenoid (PCA): abduct vocal cords, open airway (glottis)
- oblique & transverse arytenoids: adduct vocal cords, close airway; sup to PCA - cricothyroid: stretches cords, changes pitch of voice; anterior - lateral cricoarytenoid: adducts - vocalis: fine changes; parallel/overlay vocal cords |
|
Sensory innervation of larynx
|
- above vocal cords = internal laryngeal (of superior br of vagus)
- below vocal cords = recurrent laryngeal of vagus |
|
Vagus branches
|
superior branch: splits into internal laryngeal (thyrohyoid membr, sup laryng mucosa) & external laryngeal (cricothyroid muscle)
recurrent laryngeal: sensory below vocal cords, motor to all laryng muscl (except cricothyroid) |
|
motor innervation of larynx
|
-VAGUS: recurrent laryngeal
(except cricothyroid, which external laryngeal off superior br of vagus) |
|
recurrent laryngeal nerve
|
- travels btwn trachea & esophagus
- recurs around subclavian (R) & aortic arch (L) - innervates motor of larynx & sensory below vocal cords |
|
Infratemporal fossa
-location/boundaries -contents |
- roof & medial wall = sphenoid bone
- anteriorly = back of maxilla - foramen: ovale, spinosum, - muscles of mastication - TMJ (temporomandibular joint) - maxillary artery - pterygoid venous plexus - V3 branches - otic ganglion - chorda tympani (from VII) |
|
muscles of mastication
|
- all 1st pharyngeal arch
- innerv = V3 - all move mandible at TMJ = masseter, temporalis, pterygoids (medial & lateral), mylohyoid, anterior digastric *tensor veli palatini & tensor tympani also 1st arch but NOT mastication |
|
Masseter
-fcn -origin -insertion -innervation |
- (both) elevate mandible; (one) = ipsilateral excursion (same side)
- orig: zygo arch - ins: angle of mandible - innerv = V3 motor |
|
Temporalis
- fcn -origin -insertion -innervation |
- (both) elevate mandible, posterior fibers retract mandible, (one) ipsilateral excursion
- orig: temporal fossa & fascia - ins: coronoid process - V3 |
|
Medial pterygoid
|
- elevates mandible, (one) contralateral excursion (opp side)
- orig: MEDIAL side of LATERAL pterygoid plate - ins: internal surf of mandib ramus - V3 * like mirror image of masseter, just on inside of mandible instead of outside |
|
Lateral pterygoid
|
- (both) protrusion of mandible, (one) contralateral excursion
- TWO orig: 1) infratemporal crest of sphenoid, 2) LATERAL side of LATERAL pterygoid - ins: neck of condyle, pterygoid fovea, articular disc/capsule of TMJ - V3 * fibers horiz; (long) buccal n. of V3 emerges from btwn two lateral heads -middle meningeal artery deep to lat pteryg |
|
Movement at TMJ
|
1. sliding = upper joint space (protraction, retraction; eg by lat pterygoid, )
2. hinge = lower joint space (elevation, depression) 3. lateral excursion (contraction on one side of pterygoids, masseter, temporalis) *upper & lower joint spaces separated by articular disc |
|
Opening the mouth: which muscles involved?
|
1. mylohyoid & ant digastric (suprahyoid musc) initiate via depr mandible (lower joint space)
2. lateral pterygoids protrude mandible (upper joint space) Fully open = condyle sits under articular eminence of zygom |
|
Closing the mouth: which muscles?
|
= elevation & retraction of mandible
- masseter, temporalis, medial pterygoids pull condyle back into resting place |
|
Maxillary artery
- location - vascularizes which structures? |
- branch of external carotid
- deep to ramus of mandible in infratemporal fossa --> pterygopalatine fossa - supplies: all teeth, palate, nasal cavity, musc of mastic, bones, midface *main artery of deep facial structures sometimes deep to lateral pterygoids too |
|
Major branches of maxillary artery
|
- inferior alveolar artery (to lower mandible teeth, in mandibular canal)
- posterior superior alveolar (to maxillary teeth, pierces maxilla) - middle meningeal artery (skull bones, meninges) |
|
middle meningeal artery
|
- branch of maxillary artery
- enters mid cran fossa of skull via foramen spinosum -supplies skull bones, meninges -on surface of sphenoid, deep to lat pteryg musc - splits auriculotemporal nerve * torn = epi/extradural hematoma |
|
veins leading to cavernous sinus
|
- pterygoid venous plexus
- opthalmic veins - facial veins *infections in facial/dental area can spread to cranial cavity |
|
V3 motor branches
|
- all muscles of mastication (temporalis, masseter, lateral & medial pterygoid)
- mylohyoid br (mylohyoid & ant digastric) - tensor veli palatini & tensor tympani |
|
V3 sensory branches (general sensory)
|
- nervous spinosus (mid cran fos dura)
- buccal ("long", to lateral gum, inner cheek, skin lower cheek) - lingual (ant 2/3 tongue, floor of mouth; joined by chorda tympani of VII) *emerges btwn med & lat pterygoids - inf alveolar (lower teeth, --> mental nerve) - auriculotemporal (hairy temporal skin; parasymp from IX lesser petrosal to parotid) * splits over mid meningeal art |
|
sphenomandibular ligament
|
- from sphenoid to mandibular ramus
- inf alv n. & art pass btwn this & ramus to enter mandibular fossa |
|
oral vestibule
|
- area btwn teeth & cheeks
- contains parotid papilla (near 2nd max molar) |
|
oral cavity
|
- internal to teeth
- extends to oropharynx - tongue, frenulum, floor = mylohyoid |
|
mylohyoid muscle
- fcn - origin - insertion - innerv |
- depresses mandible or elevates hyoid depends on which one fixed
- orig: mylohyoid line of mandible - ins: hyoid bone - V3 - deep to ant digastric, superficial to geniohyoid |
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Sublingual salivary gland
- location - duct opening(s) - innervation |
- under tongue
- ducts open along floor of mouth (can't really see them) - parasymp chorda tympani (VII) synapses in submandib gangl |
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Submandibular salvary gland
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- wraps around posterior border of mylohyoid muscle, ant & inf to parotid gland
- long duct runs over lingual n. & ends in sublingual caruncle/papilla at base of frenulum, the duct that can squirt saliva from beneath tongue - parasymp chorda tymp (VII) synapses in submandib gangl *chorda tymp hitch hiking on V3 lingual at this point |
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extrinsic tongue muscles
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- origin outside tongue, insert in tongue
- 3 pairs: 1. hyoglossus: hyoid-lateral side of tongue, depresses tongue 2. styloglossus: styloid process-posterior part of tongue; retracts tongue 3. genioglossus: genial/mental tubercles -fans out; protrudes/sticks out tongue -innerv = hypoglossal (XII) |
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intrinsic tongue muscles
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- origin & insertion within tongue
- change shape of tongue & produce complex movements - 3 paired muscles - innerv = hypoglossal (XII) |
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dorsum of tongue: terminal sulcus
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- separates ant 2/3 from post 1/3
- V shaped; apex = foramen cecum (orig thyroglossal duct) -lingual papillae = bumps on ant 2/3 assoc w/ tastebuds (but arent buds themselves) |
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tongue
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- apex = tip
- base = in oropharynx - ant 2/3 in oral cavity - underside = ventral - top side = dorsum |
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tongue innervation
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- MOTOR: hypoglossal (XII)
- general sensory: ant 2/3 = V3; post 1/3 by glossopharyngeal (IX) - special sensory: ant 2/3 by chorda tympani (VII); post 1/3 by glossopharyngeal (IX) - epiglottis & valleculae = special sens of X *taste fibers from VII, IX & X meet at solitary tract nucleus in brainstem |