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130 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Eyelids (palpebrae) separated by____ |
palpebral fissure |
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Reddish elevation at the medial canthus (meeting of eyelids) |
Lacrimal caruncle |
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Connective tissue within the eyelids |
Tarsal plates |
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Modified sebaceous glands in the eye |
Tarsal glands |
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Three parts of conjunctiva |
Palpebral conjunctiva (superior), bulbar conjunctiva (inferior), conjunctival sac |
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Lacrimal apparatus function |
Keeps the surface of the eye moist |
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Produces lacrimal fluid |
Lacrimal gland |
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Fluid empties into nasal cavity |
Lacrimal sac |
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The extrinsic eye muscles _______ on the outer surface of the eyeball and ______ in the walls of the orbit |
insert, originate |
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Origin of the four rectus muscles |
Annular ring |
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Lateral rectus action and cranial nerve |
Moves eye laterally, VI (abducens) |
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Medial rectus action and cranial nerve |
Moves eye medially, III (oculomotor) |
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Superior rectus action and cranial nerve |
Elevates eye and turns it medially, III (oculomotor) |
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Inferior rectus action and cranial nerve |
Depresses eye and turns it medially, III (oculomotor) |
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Inferior oblique action and cranial nerve |
Elevates eye and turns it laterally, III (oculomotor) |
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Superior oblique action and cranial nerve |
Depresses eye and turns it laterally, IV (trochlear) |
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Most anterior and posterior part of the eye |
Anterior pole and posterior pole |
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Most external layer of the eyeball |
Fibrous tunic |
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Two regions of fibrous tunic of eyeball |
Sclera (posterior 5/6) and cornea (anterior 1/6) |
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Junction between sclera and cornea |
Limbus |
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Allows aqueous humor to drain |
Scleral venous sinus |
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The middle coat of the eyeball |
The vascular layer |
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Three parts of vascular layer |
Choroid, ciliary body, and iris |
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Choroid description/function |
Vascular, darkly pigmented (from melanocytes) membrane, posterior 5/6 of vascular tunic, prevents scattering of light rays within the eye, corresponds to the arachnoid and pia maters |
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Ciliary body description |
thickened ring of tissue which encircles the lens composed of ciliary muscle |
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Two types of ciliary muscle |
Ciliary processes (posterior surface of the ciliary body) and ciliary zonule (suspensory ligament, attached around entire circumference of the lens) |
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Description of the Iris |
Visible colored part of the eye, attached to the ciliary body, composed of smooth muscle |
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The _______ muscle contracts to decrease the size of the pupil and the ________ muscle contracts to increase the size of the pupil |
Sphincter pupillae and dilator pupillae |
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Protective response of pupil constriction when a bright light is flashed in the eye |
pupillary light reflex |
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The deepest tunic |
retina |
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Two layers of retina |
Pigmented layer and neural layer |
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Pigmented layer has a _________ layer of _________ cells |
single, melanocytes |
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Neural layer is a sheet of _________ tissue that contains three main types of neurons: ________, ________, and __________ cells |
nervous, photoreceptor, bipolar, ganglion |
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Light signal pathway |
Photoreceptor cells signal bipolar cells signal ganglion cells to generate nerve impulses that converge posteriorly to form the optic nerve |
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Rod cells are ______ sensitive to light than cone cells |
more |
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The _______ segments of cones and rods regenerate |
distal |
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Specialized region of the retina containing mostly cones |
Macula lutea |
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Specialized region of the retina containing only cones |
Fovea centralis |
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Blind spot containing no photoreceptors |
Optic disc, where optic nerve leaves eye |
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Posterior segment (cavity) filled with ________, a jellylike substance that transmits light, supports the posterior surface of the lens, and maintains intraocular pressure |
vitreous humor |
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Anterior segment, divided into anterior chamber, which is between the _______ and the _______, and the posterior chamber between the __________ and the _________ |
cornea, iris, iris, lens |
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Anterior segment is filled with _________, which is renewed continuously, formed as a blood filtrate, and supplies nutrients to the the lens and cornea |
aqueous humor |
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The _______ is a thick, transparent, biconvex disc held in place by its ciliary zonule |
the lens |
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Covers the anterior surface of the lens |
Lens epithelium |
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Lens _____ form the bulk of the lens |
fibers |
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The lens, cornea and humors are light bending structures called ____________ |
refractory media |
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The adjustable curvature of the lens |
accomodation |
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Sympathetic input _______ the ciliary muscle, which _______ the ciliary zonule and ______ the lens, bettering ________ vision |
relaxes, tightens, flattens, distance |
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Parasympathetic input _______ the ciliary muscle, which _______ the ciliary zonule and ______ the lens, bettering ________ vision |
contracts, loosens, buldges, close |
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Myopia |
Lens is bulbous so distance sight is blurry (nearsighted) |
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Hyperopia |
Lens is flattened so close up vision is blurry (farsighted) |
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Outer (external) ear composed of the: |
Auricle (pinna), external acoustic meatus (hairs, sebaceous glands, ceruminous glands) and tympanic membrane |
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The middle ear is composed of the: |
tympanic cavity (small air-filled space), medial wall penetrated by the oval and round windows, and the pharyngotympanic tube (links the middle ear and pharynx) |
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The three ear ossicles are the |
Malleus (hammer), incus and stapes (stirrup), which vibrates against the oval window |
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Two tiny skeletal muscles in the middle ear cavity that help regulate sound intensity |
Tensor tympani and stapedius |
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In the internal ear, the bony labryinth is a cavity consisting of three parts, the... |
semicircular canals, vestibule, and cochlea |
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The membranous labyrinth is a series of membrane-walled sacs and ducts that fit with the bony labyrinth, consisting of three main parts... |
semicircular ducts, utricle and saccule, and cochlear duct |
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The membranous labyrinth is filled with _________ and the bony labyrinth is filled with perilymph, which is continuous with CSF |
endolymph, perilymph |
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The cochlea coils around a pillar of bone called the ________ |
modiolus |
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The _________ is a spiral of bone in the modiolus |
Spiral lamina |
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The ____________ (scala media) contains receptors for hearing |
cochlear duct |
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The receptor epithelium for hearing is called the __________, and consists of the ______ and _______ hair cells |
spiral organ, inner, outer |
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The receptors that transmit vibrations of the basilar membrane are the ________ hair cells, while the receptors that actively tune the cochlea and amplify the signal are the ________ hair cells |
inner, outer |
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The ________ is the range of pitches we can hear |
length of cochlear duct |
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Sounds below our frequency range travel through the _______ and out the _______ window |
helicotrema, round |
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The ________ and _________ are two egg-shaped parts of the membranous labyrinth suspended in _______ that house the __________, a spot of sensory epithelium, and detects ______________ |
utricle and saccule, perilymph, macula, static equilibrium |
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Function of the macula |
Contains receptor cells that monitor the position of the head when the head is still, contains columnar supporting cells, receptor cells called hair cells that synapse with the vestibular nerve |
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Tips of hair cells in macula embedded in _______ membrane containing calcium carbonate crystals called _________ |
otolith, otoliths |
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The semicircular canals are involved in detecting ____________ |
dynamic equilibrium |
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The ___________ and ____________ semicircular canals lie in the vertical plane at right angles, and the ____________ semicircular canal lies in the horizontal plane |
anterior, posterior, lateral |
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The __________ is located with the bony ampulla and houses a structure called a _____________, which contain receptor cells of rotational acceleration |
membranous ampulla, crista ampullaris |
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Meniere's syndrome |
equilibrium is greatly disturbed due to excessive amounts of endolymph in the membranous labyrinth |
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Sound vibrations cannot be conducted to the inner ear (ruptured membranes) |
Conduction deafness |
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Damage to any part of the auditory pathway results in |
Sensorineural deafness |
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Taste and smell receptors are classified as _______ |
chemoreceptors |
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Two types of papillae (taste buds) |
fungiform papillae and vallate papillae |
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Taste buds contain two major cell types, _________ epithelial cells that support, and __________ epithelial cells that are gustatory, contain long microvilli, replaced every 7-10 days |
gustatory, basal |
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Five tastes |
sweet, sour, salty, bitter, and umami |
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Taste travels mostly through cranial nerves |
VII (facial) and glossopharyngeal (IX), but also X (vagus) |
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Olfactory epithelium is ______ and contains these three cell types: |
pseudostratified columnar, olfactory sensory neurons, supporting epithelial cells, and olfactory stem cells |
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Pure endocrine organs: |
Pituitary, pineal, thyroid and parathyroid, adrenal glands |
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Organs containing a large proportion of endocrine cells |
Pancreas, thymus, gonads, hypothalamus |
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Organs containing some endocrine cells |
Heart, digestive tract, kidneys, skin |
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Three main types of hormone secretion triggers and examples |
Humoral (changing ion or nutrient levels in blood, PTH from calcium), Neural (nerve fibers, NE from adrenal medulla), and Hormonal (received from other glands, hypothalamus->pituitary->other gland) |
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The pituitary gland is attached to the hypothalamus through the _______________ and secretes ______ major hormones |
infundibulum, nine |
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Anterior lobe of the pituitary gland secretes these four tropic hormones (regulate other glands) and these three hormones which act directly on non-endocrine targets |
TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH GH, PRL, MSH |
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Signals thyroid gland to secrete thyroid hormone |
TSH |
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Stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete hormones that help cope with stress |
ACTH |
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Gonadotropins |
FSH and LH |
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Where is growth hormone produced? |
somatotropic cells |
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Growth hormone stimulates growth through __________ and ___________, also using the liver's secreting of ____________ |
Protein production, growth of epiphyseal plates, and IGF-1 |
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Function of melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) |
appetite suppression |
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Targets milk-producing glands in the breast |
Prolactin |
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The _______ controls secretion of the anterior lobe hormones by secreting ____________ and __________ hormones |
hypothalamus, releasing, inhibiting |
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Pathway of releasing hormones |
Secreted like neurotransmitters, enter primary capillary plexus, travel through hypophyseal portal veins to a secondary capillary plexus |
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The posterior pituitary lobe stores and releases these two hormones made in the hypothalamus: |
ADH and oxytocin |
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Targets kidneys to reabsorb water |
ADH (vasopressin) |
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induces smooth muscle contraction of reproductive organs, ejects milk during breast-feeding, signals contraction of the uterus during childbirth |
oxytocin |
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Two hormones produced by thyroid gland |
Thyroid hormone and calcitonin |
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Location and hormones of parathyroid glands |
posterior surface of the thyroid gland, PTH (increases blood Ca) |
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Two endocrine glands of adrenal gland |
Adrenal medulla (cluster of neurons, part of sympathetic nervous system) and adrenal cortex |
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The cells that secrete amine hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine are... |
medullary chromaffin cells |
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Three layers of adrenal cortex |
Zona glomerulosa (spherical clusters), zona fasciculata (parallel cords) and zona reticularis (branching network) |
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Hormones of the adrenal cortex are called _________ and are divided into the two main classes of __________ and ____________ |
Corticosteroids, mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids |
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Aldosterone is a _________ and is secreted by the _____________ in response to an increase/decrease in blood volume or pressure |
mineralocorticoid, zona glomerulosa, decrease |
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Main glucocorticoid and where its secreted from |
Cortisol, zona fasciculata and zona reticularis |
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Short term stress response: |
Hypothalamus sends nerve impulse to sinal cord, which connects to adrenal medulla through preganglionic sympathetic fibers, which releases amino-acid based catecholamines |
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Long term stress response: |
Hypothalamus secretes CRH, stimulates anterior pituitary to release ACTH, signals adrenal cortex to secrete mineralocorticoids (ADH to increase blood volume and blood pressure) and glucocorticoids (to release glucose from porteins and fats, and suppress immune system) |
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The pineal gland is located on the roof of the ____________ and secretes _________ |
melatonin |
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Function of melatonin |
Regulate circadian rhythms |
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The pancreas contains exocrine cells like _________ and endocrine cells like ___________ |
acinar cells (digestive enzymes) and pancreatic islets |
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Main endocrine cell types: |
alpha (glucagon), beta (insulin), delta (somatostatin, inhibits alpha and beta cells), and F or PP (pancreatic polypeptide, also inhibitory of exocrine activity) |
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Location and function of thymus gland |
lower neck/anterior thorax, important immune organ, transformation of lymphocytes |
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Which cells secrete male androgens (primarily testosterone)? |
Interstitial cells of male gonads |
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These cells secrete female androgens and these cells convert them to estrogen |
Theta folliculi, follicular granulosa |
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Hormone the heart secretes |
Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), opposes ADH |
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Endocrine cells of GI tract and function |
Enteroendocrine cells, satiety and gut motility |
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Hormone of the placenta |
Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) |
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Cells in _______ of the kidney secrete_________, and the endothelial and interstitial cells secrete |
juxtaglomerular complex (JGA), renin, erythropoietin |
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Function of renin: |
detects pressure in renule tubules (shows blood pressure), increases blood pressure by adding mineralites to blood which brings H20 |
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The skin secretes modified cholesterol molecules which convert to |
Vitamin D |
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Gigantism is caused by a |
hypersecretion of GH |
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Pituitary dwarfism is caused by a |
hyposecretion of GH |
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Diabetes insipidus is caused by |
pars nervosa does not make enough ADH, PU/PD (polyuria/polydypsia) |
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Grave's disease |
hyperthyroidism, oversecretion of TH by follicle cells, bulging eyes, nervousness, weight loss, sweating and rapid heart rate |
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Myxedema |
Adult hypothyroidism, antibodies attack and destroy thyroid tissue, low metabolic rate |
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Endemic Goiter |
Lack of iodine in diet, which is necessary for the production of thyroid hormone |
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Cretinism |
Hypothyroidism in children, mental retardation and thick tongue |
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Cushing's syndrome |
Hypersecretion of glucocorticoid hormones, mostly cortisol, causes weight gain? |
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Addison's disease |
Hyposecretory disorder of the adrenal cortex, deficiencies in both mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids, problems utilizing glucose, not enough aldosterone, low blood pressure, emaciated look, JFK |