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95 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
functions of the nose? (3)
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1. filter air with vibrassae 2. warms air 3. moisturizes air
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what 4 things must happen for repiratory system to supply body with O2 & remove CO2?
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1. pulmonary ventilation (breathing) 2. external respiration (O2 moves from lungs 2 blood & opposite for CO2) 3. export of resp. gasses (transport of O2 to body cells, CO2 out of body cells) 4. internal respiration (O2 moves from blood into tissue cells, and opposite for CO2)
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respiratory zone
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actual site of gas exchange (resp bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveoli - all microscopic structures)
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conducting zone
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all respiratory passages not in the respiratory zone - these provide rigid passageways for air to reach respiratory zone
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vibrassae
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line the nasal vestibule & fiter coarse particles from air
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2 types of mucosa in the nose?
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olefactory mucosae & respiratory mucosae
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olefactory mucosa
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contains smell receptors - lines slit-like region of nasal cavity
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respiratory mucosa
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pseudostratified columnar epithelium that contains scattered goblet cells, rests on lamina propia richly supplied with mucous & serous glands
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how much mucous is made/day?
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1 quart
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purpose of mucous in nose?
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contains lysozyme, traps dust, bacteria, other debris - lysozyme kills the bacteria - respiratory mucosa also secrete defensin - natural antibiotics to help get rid of microbes
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defensin?
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natural antibiotic that helps get rid of microbes
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how do we get a runny nose in the cold?
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when chilled, the ciliated cells of the respiratory mucosa moves contaminated mucus to the stomach much SLOWER & H2O (H2O vapor condenses at lower temperatures)
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sinusitis
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inflamed sinuses, when nasal cavity infections spread to other areas where the mucus reaches - (nasolacrimal ducts & paranasal sinuses)
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sinus headache
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when passageways to the sinus from nasal cavity are blocked with infected mucus and air in the sinus cavities is absorbed/blocked = partial vacuum in the sinuses & pain
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common name for the pharynx
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throat
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uvula
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"little grape" - when swallowing, the uvula moves superiorly to block nasopharynx & prevent food from entering it
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nasopharynx contains
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only air - no food gets that high
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laryngopharynx conducts what?
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both food & air
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common name for the larynx?
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voice box
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phonation
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voice production
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what color are true vocal cords?
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Pearly white (b/c no blood vessels)
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which direction does the cilia powerstroke move the mucus below the vocal folds?
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UP - away from the lungs
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laryngitis
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inflammation of the vocal folds - vocal folds swell & this interferes with their vibration - loosing your voice is the extreme of this
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trachea common name?
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windpipe
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3 layers of trachea
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adeventitia, submucosa, mucosa
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how does smoking affect the trachea?
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nicotine paralyzes cilia for 1-2 hours - if you smoke routinely, your cilia will gradually disappear and then you can only "clear your throat" by coughing, raising your chances of getting pneumonia
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trachealis muscle
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the muscle that runs along the back of the trachea to connect the open posterior parts of the tracheatic cartilage rings
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when we cough, how fast does air leave our mouths?
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100 mph
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carina
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the small spar of cartilage that points into the trachea posteriorly from the point where it splits into 2 bronchi
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how many total levels are there in the bronchi?
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23
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which bronchus is shorter & wider?
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right
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# of lobar bronchi on the right
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3
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# of lobar bronchi on the left?
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2
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beginning at the lobar bronchi, name the structures the air passes through in order (bronchial tree)
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Lobar (secondary), segmental (tertiary) bronchi, …..bronchioles (<1 mm diameter), terminal bronchioles (<.5mm in diameter)
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name 3 structural changes that occur as the bronchi become smaller?
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1. support structures change 2. epithelium type changes 3. smooth muscles increases
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where does the respiratory zone begin?
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at the junction where the terminal bronchioles feed into the respiratory bronchioles
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what do respiratory bronchioles lead to?
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alveolar ducts
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does gas exchange happen in the alveolar ducts?
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no
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what do alveolar ducts lead to?
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alveolar sacs
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does gas exchange happen in the alveolar sacs?
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no
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how thick is the respiratory membrane?
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.5 nano-m thick
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how does gas exchange happen across the respiratory membrane?
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simple diffusion
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what are the 3 signifigant features of the alveoli?
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1. surrounded by fine elastic fibers 2. alveolar pores (allow air pressure to equalize throughout the lung & let air reach damaged alveoli) 3. alveolar macrophages (keep alveoli sterile - cilia sweep them up the system & we clear out 2 million/hour)
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smallest lung feature visible to the naked eye
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lobules (hexagons on the lung's surface)
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lung stroma
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another term for lung tissue
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what are the 3 purposes of pluera?
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secretory membranes 1. helps lungs slide with less friction 2. keeps lungs from collapsing with surface tension 3. also divides lung cavity into 3 sections - (central mediastinum & 2 pleural cavities)
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difference between wet & dry pleurisy?
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dry = lungs squeeking b/c rough pleura can't protect lungs from friction. wet = lungs collapse b/c too much fluid compressing them
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pressure of the plueral cavity? (name & typical amount)\
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intrapleural pressure - usually 4 mmHg LESS than intrapulmonary pressure
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what is the pressure of the alveoli?
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intrapulmonary pressure - moves up & down, but usually equals 1 ATM
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2 forces that pull the lungs (visceral pleura) from the parietal pleura so lumgs could collapse?
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1. elasticity (lungs always assume the smallest size possible) 2. alveolar fluid surface tension (constantly acts to pull alveoli to their smallest size - surfectant fights this)
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any pressure causing intrapulmonary & intrapleural pressure to equalize causes?
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lung collapse
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difference between Ppul & Pip
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transpulmonary pressure (Ppul - Pip)
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lung collapse (medical name) & 2 causes
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atelectasis (occurs when a bronchiole is plugged or chest wound)
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Ppul during inspiration?
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1 mmHg below ATM (so air will rush in with the pressure gradient)
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Ppul during expiration?
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1 mmHg above ATM (so air passively leaves the lungs)
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what muscles help in forced expirations?
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oblique & transversus abdominal muscles
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what happens during an acute athsma attack?
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histamines and other inflammatory chemicals cause a strong bronchoconstrictions that pulmonary ventilation almost completely stops
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what is most important to remember about surface tension?
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it tends to collapse alveoli
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a detergent-like mix of lipids & protiens produced by type II alveolar cells & its purpose?
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surfectant - to reduce the surface tension within the alveoli
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IRDS - & its effects
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infant respiratory distress syndrome - pre-mie babies don't produce enough surfectant to keep the alveoli from collapsing between breaths & can't open them to effectively breathe
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what maladies affect total respiratory compliance?
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thorax deformities, ossification of the costal cartilages, paralysis of the intercostal muscles all hinder thoracic expansion
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*definition of tidal volume & average adult male & female amounts?
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TV = amount of air moving in and out of lungs during quiet breathing - m=500mL fm = 500mL
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definition of Inspiratory reserve volume & average adult male & female amounts?
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IRV = amount of air above TV that can be inspired forcibly m=3100mL fm=1900mL
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definition of expiratory reserve volume & average adult male & female amounts?
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ERV = amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled after normal TV exhalation m=1200mL fm=700mL
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*definition of residual volume & average adult male & female amounts?
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RV = amount of air remaing in lungs after forced exhalation m=1200mL fm=1100mL
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*definition of total lung capacity & average adult male & female amounts?
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TLC = TV+IRV+ERV+RV = amount of air contained in lungs after maximum inspiratory effort m=6000mL fm=4200mL
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*definition of vital capactiy & average adult male & female amounts?
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VC =TV+IRV+ERV (should be 80% TLC) = max amount of air that can be expired after maximum inspiratory effort m=4800mL fm=3100mL
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definition of inspiratory capacity & average adult male & female amounts?
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IC=TV+IRV = max amount of air that can be inspired after a normal exhalation m=3600mL fm=2400mL
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definition of functional residual capacity & average adult male & female amounts?
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FRC = ERV+RV = valume of air remaining in lungs after normal tidal volume expiration m=2400mL fm=1800mL
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average volume of conducting zone?
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anatomical dead space - males = ~150mL (1mL/pound of ideal body weight)
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list the non respiratory air movements (6)
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cough, sneeze, cry, laugh, hiccup, yawn (Cranky Snitches Circulate Little Hate Yarns)
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what is important about a gas's partial pressure?
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it is directly proportional to the percentage of the gas in the gas mixture.
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how to find the Partial Pressure of nitrogen in the air?
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79% * 760 mmHg = 597 mmHg
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how do partial pressures react to increasing altitude?
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they decline in direct proportion to the decrease in atmospheric pressure. (@10,000ft above sea level, Atmospheric press=523mmHg, and PO2=110mmHg)
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how do partial pressures react to descent in water?
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ever 33 ft of H2O=an additional ATM of pressure = the partial pressure of each component of air is also doubled
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when does O2 toxicity develop? & why?
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when O2 pressures are greater than 2.5-3 ATM b/c high O2 concentrations release harmful free radicals=CNS disturbances, coma & death
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how is the gas in the alveoli different from the gas in the atmosphere?
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more CO2, H2OVapor, and much less O2
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what 3 factors influence the movement of CO2 & O2 across the respiratory membrane?
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1. partial pressures & gas solubilities 2. matching of alveolar retention & pulmonary perfusions 3. structural characteristics of the respiratory membrane
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Pressure of O2 in the venous blood in pulmonary arteries & alveoli
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40mmHg & 104 mmHg - important b/c O2 easily/rapidly moves from high to low pressure (alveoli to venous blood)
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why is CO2's pressure gradient much gentler?
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b/c 20X more soluble in plasma & alveolar fluid than O2 = CO2 moves 20X faster
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what is required for successful gas exchange to be efficient?
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there must be a close match/coupling between ventilation (amount of gas reaching alveoli) & perfusion (blood flow in pulmonary capillaries)
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what % of O2 is dissolved in the blood?
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1.5% - very insoluble
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what % of O2 is bound to hemoglobin with a loose chemical connection?
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98.50%
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how many molecules of O2 can one Hemoglobin bind?
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4
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when is a hemoglobin molecule is fully saturated?
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when there's 4 O2 molecules bound to it
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when is a hemoglobin molecule is partially saturated?
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when there's 1, 2 or 3 O2 molecues bound to it
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what is O2 affinity & give an example
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it is the binding stregnth hemoglobin has for O2 -when one O2 molecule is unloaded, the others are unloaded more easily, and when one is added, others are added more easily
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what changes with the extent of O2 saturation?
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hemoglobin's affinity
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Generally, how saturated is blood when it returns to the lungs? (normal resting conditions)
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75%
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what decreases hemoglobin's affinity for O2 & casues O2 unloading/ (shifting of hemoglobin dissociation curve to the right?
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higher temp, higher PO2, higher H+ blood content (& V.V.)
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what does BPG do?
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interfere with the hemoglobin's ability to carry O2
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hypoxia
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inadequete O2 delivery to the body tissues (you're cyanotic - when O2 is below 75%)
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Name the 4 types of hypoxia
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1. anemic hypoxia (not enough RBCs/Hb) 2. ischemic (stagnant) hypoxia (circulation is impaired/blocked) 3. histotoxic hypoxia (body cells can't use O2) 4. hypoxemic hypoxia (reduced arterial PO2)
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carbon monoxide poisoning
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CO bond=200X stronger than O2 = O2 can't kick it off the Hb = throbbing headache & red skin/nail beds - you need hyperbaric chamber of O2 to rid body of the CO
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name the 3 ways blood transports CO2 from the body's cells to the lungs
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1. dissolved in plasma (7-10%) 2. bound to Hb (20%) 3. as bicarbonate ion in plasma (70%)
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