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70 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Chronobiology |
The study of periodic (cyclic) phenomena in living organism |
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Exogenous |
stop when external cue removed (typically temperature driven in plants and insects) |
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Endogenous |
continue when external cue removed (inherent, genetic basis) |
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Free Running |
exist even if there are no external cues to synchronize with (animals reared in dark) |
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Ultradian |
less than
Circatidal (with tides, about 12.4 hours) Circahoral (about an hour) |
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Infradian |
greater than Circalunar (lunar cycle, about one month) Circaannual (about one year) |
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Circadian |
approximately equal to Entrained to light/dark cycle (most) |
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Zeitgebers (from German “time giver”) |
Environmental factors that set the internal biological clock Infants are free running, have not entrained to zietgebers |
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Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN) |
Pacemaker in mammals (Similar in function to pineal in birds) |
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Antrhopomorphism |
Lloyd Morgan's Canon, 1903: "In no way is an animal activity to be interpreted in terms of higher psychological processes, if it can be fairly interpreted in terms of processes which stand lower in the psychological scale of evolution and development." |
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Pooling fallacy |
It is better to have a small number of measurements from a large number of subjects than to have large a number of measurements from a small number of subjects |
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Latency |
Time from one event to onset of behavior |
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Frequency |
Occurrences per unit of time |
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Duration |
Length of time of a single occurrence of a behavior |
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Intensity |
Strength or amplitude of a behavior |
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Ad libitum sampling |
No constraints on what to watch or when Write down everything that appears to be important |
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Focal sampling |
Few constraints on what to watch, just which animals to watch Observe a single unit (individual, pair, litter) |
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Behavior sampling |
Watch whole group and record each occurrence of a particular behavior(s) |
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Scan Sampling |
Few constraints on who or what to watch, just when to watch Scan group at regular intervals Record a few simple behaviors of each animal Limited to recording simple events like sleeping or eating |
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Instincts |
Genetic components Reflexes – autonomic responses - salivation to food Action patterns – goose retrieving eggs out of nest |
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Cognitive capabilities |
environmental - learned components |
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Behavioral Repertoire |
catalog of behaviors basic instincts interacting with cognitive capabilities |
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Instinct Box |
things critical to life are put in the instinct box |
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Basic instincts |
eating, reproduction, fear, territoriality, etc |
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Cognition |
psychic processes that cannot be observed, but for which there is scientific evidence from which they can be inferred |
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brain stimulation |
electrical, causes outcome |
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brain lesions |
cutting, destroying, stops outcome |
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brain agonists |
mimic the natural chemical |
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brain antagonists |
block the natural chemical |
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classical neurons |
towards the brain: sensory, afferent away from the brain: motor, efferent |
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Macroneurons |
large principle neurons of the brain
originate early in development |
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microneurons |
small connections between parts of the brain postnatal development |
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routine (modulated responses) |
maintenance functions happen all the time and are adjusted/regulated |
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occasional (modulated responses) |
hormone related/triggered behaviors |
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Limbic system |
interface between hypothalamus and other areas regulator of survival business memories emotional/behavior life some learning |
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hypothalamus |
homeostasis behavior related: pleasure, sex drive, anger, aggression regulator |
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hippocampus |
converting short term memory to long term memory |
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amygdala |
aggression |
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sensory memory |
millisecond storage for development of a perception, then transferred to short term memory |
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short term memory (STM) |
7 clusters of information, 20-30 seconds - cache ramprocessing, working memory, transferred to long term memory |
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long term memory (LTM) |
permanent (only retrieval is lost) and limitless, proteins that strengthen the synapses of neurons in the brain |
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encoding |
active process, filtering, different levels of processing, some is deeper, converts raw input into an important item |
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storage |
multiple locations of various iterations of information |
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retrieval |
reconstructions from storage, cues help, errors involved |
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engram |
theoretical unit of memory |
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decay (forgetting) |
loss of information |
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interference (forgetting) |
competition |
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retrieval failure (forgetting) |
sporadic |
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intentional (forgetting) |
repressed memories (freud) |
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domestication |
"evolutionary phenomenon" - a process, not an event how we chose: met a human need, close proximity, easy to domesticate |
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Six main obstacles to domestication |
1. diet difficult to supply by humans 2. slow growth rate and long birth spacing 3. tendency to panic in enclosure or when faced with predators 4. reluctance to breed in captivity 5. lack of follow the leader dominance hierarchies 6. nasty disposition |
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Pedomorphosis |
adult species retains traits that were previously only seen in juveniles |
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behavioral genetics |
connecting the behavioral phenotype to the genotype |
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correlated responses |
selecting for one trait often unintentionally selects for other traits |
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Pleiotropy |
a single gene influences multiple phenotypic traits |
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scientific research |
purpose: help distinguish between competing hypotheses and thereby reduce the number of ways in which the natural world can be accounted for |
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psychology |
study of the mind |
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ethology |
biological study of animal behavior |
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behavioral ecology |
field studies of the relationship of behavioral patterns of social and ecological conditions |
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sociobiology |
effect of population biology on behavior |
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behavioral biology |
everything - biology and mechanisms |
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proximate causation |
how does it work? what stimuli elicits the behavior and what are the physiological mechanisms that activate and regulate this behavior? |
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ultimate causation |
why does the animal have this behavior? what does it provide? survival value, reproductive value, etc |
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individual learning |
not passed to the next generation |
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cultural/social learning |
passed on to the next generation |
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genetic variation |
mutation, genetic recombination, migration |
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fitness consequences |
genetic variation must translate into advantages/disadvantages in the offspring |
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inheritance |
the fitness consequences must be passed to the next generation |
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extinction |
lack of sufficient variation |
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survival |
requires adaptation |