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66 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
why do humans like spices |
they have little caloric value, cost is high, difficult to acquire
Possibly because they have antimicrobial properties. They reduce levels of dangerous bacteria in food. amount of spices used is a function of the relative risk of contamination (climate) |
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pathology hypothesis of dirt eating |
dirt/ clay eating is an aberrant behavior of no functional significance
Predicts that relatively few individuals will eat dirt or clay (yet it is common in some cultures) |
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the adaptationist hypothesis of dirt eating |
dirt is consumed to detoxify certain foods to improve their nutritional value |
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why do some cultures eat dirt/ clay |
because they eat a lot of things with alkaloids or tanins that cause GI problems. dirt/ clay stops these GI problems |
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round dance in honey bees |
i found food fairly close to the hive (less than 50 meters) |
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waggle dance |
I found food that is more than 50 meters away. The waggle is at the same angle from the sun's polarity that the food source is. waggling straight up the comb means that food is found by flying toward the direction of the sun, waggling straight down the comb means food is directly away from the comb. waggling at a degree to the right or left of the sun means food is that degree away to that side of the sun. waggle duration is proportional to distance from food source (1 second of waggling means 1 kilometer) |
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what is a source habitat and a sink habitat |
source habitat means it is a habitat that is allowing growth and a sink habitat means there is a population decline |
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gall position |
aphids fight for up to 2 days to secure a good spot for their gall on a leaf. This is important because their offspring eat the nitrogen rich leaf and the closer it is to the leaf's base, the higher quality food for the offspring. The saliva used to make the call tricks the leaf to release more nitrogen similar to an inflamatory response |
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piping response |
response in honey bees once threshold has been reached to decide where to live. this response is a warm up for the flight and a way to coordinate the group flight. |
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parthogenesis |
asexual reproduction. aphids can do this to make their offspring |
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viviparous |
live young that are created through asexual reproduction by aphids in spring. in late summer, they produce males too through sexual reproduction, but these aren't called viviparous |
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oviparous |
egg-laying females that are created in late summer through sexual reproduction by aphids. |
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aphid/ ant mutualism |
aphids are producted by colonies of ants that eat the carbohydrate secretion from the aphids. ants sometimes stroke the aphid with the antena to "milk" them. mostly mutual because ants protect aphids which give the ants food back, but sometimes the ants gnaw off the wings of aphids to keep them trapped there. Also they will sometimes put a chemical on the aphids feet to make them move slowly so they can be herded (also marks territory). If they detect a fungus, the ant will quarintine the area |
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territoriality in australian magpies |
frequently attack humans (about 90% of males say so and 72% of females). females observe this behavior and will not think that the males are very good if they don't defend their territory. |
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surgeonfish territoriality |
they chase away rivals 1900 times a day which decreases their life span because of risk of injury. Testosterone mediates this. This is an example of how territoriality can be costly to the animal. |
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how can testosterone decrease lifespan? |
more testosterone leads to more territoriality which means they are expending more energy (30%). when given testosterone and increased amount of food (Yarrow lizards), they lived longer than the control though which says that the biggest reason for decreased life is the increased energy used |
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eunichs life span |
live longer than other males. testosterone is associated with higher quality of life, less depression, and better cognitive functions |
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why is the "resident always wins" hypothesis not supported |
because in other species besides butterflies territoriality is based on physical characteristics and strength, not residency. in butterflies, the resident doesn't always win, also. |
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floaters |
non-territorial individuals that hang around the territories of other males. if challenged they will always concede defeat. If resident disappears they are ready to assume control of a vacant territory. generally have lower testosterone |
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why do residents have better success |
they have more to fight for when the fitness payoff for holding a territory increases over time. also may have a dear enemy effect |
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dear enemy effect |
sometimes neighbors combine forces to repel intruders that would affect both of them. also aggressive newcomers fight a lot with their neighbors, but over time they will have a stronger understanding of where the borders are so will fight less |
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tarantula hawk wasp territoriality |
extremely aggressive type of wasp. when caught with a cooler and then released the resident after a newcomer had taken over the males would fight for a long time. they have one of the most painful wasp stings of all north american wasps. |
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difference between bees and wasps |
bees are fury, have thick back legs so they can stick to the plant better. wasps don't have fur, and have a thin abdomen. the actual body size of bees and wasps are about the same |
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japanese giant hornets and european honeybees |
can desomate a hive in about 3 hours. a scout hornet will tell the rest of the hive where the nest is and then they will all attack at once. they can't do this with japanese honey bees though because they have learned to mob the scout hornet and move their wings to overheat the hornet. |
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hyena communication |
clans are formed to hunt and defend territory. females are dominant and form dominant hierarchy and their social status is associated with fitness and amount of young she will have and how well the young survive. the mom will protect the young and the mom aggressively hunts for food. dominant female gets access to food first. daughter of highly dominant female will have a very high social status. This social status is correlated with an increase in testosterone. mother doses fetus with testosterone during pregnancy. |
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genital sniffing in hyenas |
have large externalized genitalia called pseudopenis, that is used for communication. this is a costly phenotype because fetus has a hard time passing through when giving birth. about 10% die during birth and about 60% of first born pups die. |
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spotted vs. striped hyenas |
spotted live in middle/ southern africa and are more aggressive & vocal. striped live in northern africa |
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hormonal side-effect hypothesis of the pseudopenis |
increased testosterone which increases social status leads to the side effect of the pseudopenis. failed to address why females dominate the males and didn't answer why selection didn't favor a smaller pseudopenis. Also, when testosterone is blocked, they still have a pseudopenis that is about the same size. |
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communication hypothesis of the pseudopenis |
genital sniffing enhances cooperation because information is transmitted that affects dominance interactions with the females. enables dominants to monitor hormonal status of their clan members. dominants benefit by knowing whether a challenge is likely and subordinantes benefit by being allowed to remian in the pack |
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free-tailed bats |
are one of the most vocal mammals. use about 20 syllables to create calls and each male has a unique courtship song to impress females. these vocalizations are used to define social status, repel intruders, instruct offspring, recognize individuals, announce mating territories. |
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difference between raven and crow |
ravens have a curved bills and can have thick and shaggy throat feathers, crows have a sharper bill. crows make a cawing sound and have a repertoire of rattles, click,s and bell-like sounds, ravens have a croaking and gronking call |
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raven feeding |
lone raven flies by, notices the carcass and returns at dawn with a flock to feed and will yell upon feeding. This is to gang up on territorial residents. the resident territory owner won't yell, but non residents will yell. |
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deceit & cross species communication with ravens |
they frequently pick on other animals to test them for aggression and steal their food. they also can follow human gaze for clues, and use gestural signaling to direct another raven's attention to something |
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false alarm calls in chickadees |
if many birds are at a feeder, chickadees give false alarm calls for a predator so they can have better access to the food. |
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sentinels |
they have good vision and detection |
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shrikes |
they are sentinel birds that call when they spot bird-eating hawks but give false alarm calls to dupe foraging competitors. cache food by impaling it on thorns. they also use this to signal boundaries of their territory and to signal success to potential mates. this also allows time for toxins to degrade in their prey |
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honest communication in toads |
toads will sometimes try and pull other males from females when they are mated. when touched, the mounted male will immediately croak which tells the intruding male honest signals about their size. |
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honest communication with red deer |
rutting. males compete to remain with female herds during fall (mating season) by rutting. rutting and calling. aggression rarely escalates to this because the signals are pretty honest, but if they are equally matched, they will rut and the stronger, larger male will win
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steps to competition in red deer |
they will first roar and compare the loudness, if they have an equally loud roar they will move on to the next step and preform parallel walks to assess size. if they are equally matched in this, they will lock antlers to assess each other's relative size and strength |
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what triggers rutting |
testosterone and daylength. shorter daylength triggers rutting. |
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velvet antlers |
vascular skin that covers the antlers and allows growth. dissappears when they start rutting |
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odontoceti |
toothed whales
Include: dolphins, beluga, porpoises, sperm whale |
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mysticeti |
baleen whales (eat plankton). have larger jaws used to filter feed and have unique dentation involving baleen plates of keratin (hair like structures). consume fish and plankton near the waters surface. Lunge forward to ingest water which gives them the nick name lunge-feeders.
Include: humpback, gray whale, blue whale |
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difference in sound production in odontoceti and mysticeti
type, function, mechanism |
odontoceti have high frequency clicks and whistles. single clicks are used for echo-location and multiple clicks is used for communication. use air to produce sound
mysticeti have longer, lower-frequency sound that is primarily used for communication. the mechanism isn't clear, but probably use larynx. difference between odontoceti is that they don't require exhalation |
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hunting in humpback whales |
bubble- netting: release bubbles as they spiral upwards. work in teams to loop circles of bubbles to corral krill. coordinated so need good communication |
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blue whale communication |
very loud because they communicate across very very long distances. use thermocline to amplify their calls. this is done to signify important food resources or meet potential mates. have distinct dialects based on geography |
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odontoceti sound production |
sound is generated by "phonic lips on top of their head. they are then focused through a sound lens in the "melon" (above their eye). prey will reflect the sound waves back to them which will be received and channelled under the jawbone |
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possible roles of spermaceti |
bouyancy, battering ram, diving cushion, sonar |
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beluga whale communication |
also called sea canaries because they are extremely vocal. Produce the largest variety of sound of any whale. Chirping, bleating, and vowels are play chirping and whistling is sex behavior |
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difference between communication in humans and non-human primates |
non-human primates communicate about the present moment and humans communicate in all tenses. humans also use complex symbolic systems and rely heavily on order of words |
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washoe |
first non human primate to learn ASL. Did this through watching humans from her trailer window |
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Koko |
Penny Patterson claimed to have taught her 1,000 words, and claims to report on her dreams, gossip, and blame others for events. also refuses to show this live and teach is really skeptical about it |
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sarah |
learned symbol-based language using tokens and a magnetic board. used all reward based conditioning. |
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Nim Chimpsky |
taught ASL through Dr. Terrace who was trying to show that chimps could learn ASL if raised like a normal human. Then was shuffled from caretaker to caretaker due to biting incidents. Learned about 125 signs, but was claimed to not really understand language because he would only do it for reward. |
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Kanzi |
bonobo chimpanzee. Used symbols for the animal to figure out language. Understood if/then logical progressions and analogy. generated new word combinations and spontaneous language. |
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difference between chimpanzee and bonobo (dominance, aggression, sex behavior, appearance) |
bonobos are female dominant, have little aggression, have close female-female bonds, sex behavior is flexible and an important part of their culture.
chimpanzees are male dominant, intensely aggressive between groups, have high rates of infanticide, sometimes have civil wars, have cooperative tool use and hunting, sex behavior is monopolized by high ranking males
difference between how they look is female bonobos have smaller and black faces. chimpanzees have light colored faces |
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difference and similarities in anatomy of vocalization in humans and birds |
birds have similar neural (broca and wernicke) areas as humans that are used in vocalization. difference is that birds have a syrinx instead of larynx |
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why do african grey birds vocalize |
because they live in large flocks that separate into pairs for breeding season. need to coordinate behaviors with mates to defend nest. also need this for communication of dominance. |
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lyrebird |
imitate sounds from their environment. also have very huge tail. the syrinx of the bird has a lot of very complex muscle coordination. |
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bowerbirds |
build bowers to show females how good of a mate choice they are. frequently spend about 8 months constructing each bower and defending it. the ultimate hypothesis is that an original bower builder conveyed useful info about his mate quality & females mated with him. this predicts that mate mating success correlates with bower features and it actually has been proven that they are less likely to carry parasites and diseases.
Another hypothesis that has been proven is that bowerbirds that have plenty of food as they were growing have better brains and this helps them construct better bowers. also proven |
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biased operational sex ratio |
leads to more competition for mates. means that the ratio of receptive males and receptive females is skewed in one direction. |
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what is the main competition strategy for males |
ornamentation |
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traumatic insemination |
when male bed bugs try to forcefully inject sperm into the abdominal cavity of the female. results in infanticide, sexual harassment, and the transfer of damaging ejaculate. the females frequently get sick and die from this |
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spermalege |
female development in bed bugs that is a specialized area that collects the sperm so it doesn't damage her abdomen, but will instead hold it there. if they are healthy, more eggs will be kept but if it is contamenated, she will kill off more of the eggs. |
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sexual co-evolution in ducks |
males have evolved to have corkscrew penises to deposit the sperm further than rivals. females countermeasured this with vaginas that are long and twisted with dead ends that can be selectively closed off depending on stress level. |
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female counterdefense in dunnocks |
if a female mates with a male and then decides that the other mate is of higher quality than a previous male, she can expell the sperm of the previous partner (normally watched to make sure of this by the potential partner). |