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133 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Salivary ____ acts on starch to produce____.
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amylase, maltose (disaccharide)
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Salivary _____ acts on maltose to produce ______.
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maltase, glucose
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glucose-glucose =
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maltose
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chymosin
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curdles milk (usually in young cattle so it stays longer in the stomach_
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Gastric ____ acts on proteins to produce ______
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pepsin, oligopeptides
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Pepsin secreted by
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Chief Cells
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amylases act on:
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starch to produce disaccharides
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peptidases act on:
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proteins to produce oligopeptides
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lipases act on:
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fats to produce fatty acids, glycerol and monoglycerides
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intestinal peptidases act on:
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oligopeptides to produce amino acids
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Disaccharidases:
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maltase, sucrase, lactase
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maltase, sucrase and lactase act on disaccharides to produce:
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glucose, fructose and galactose
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CCK (cholyscystokinin)
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stimulates gallbladder to contract and releases digestion enzymes. (is a hormone)
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Polypeptides are ____ soluble
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water
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Steroids are _____ soluble
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fat
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only molecules that are ______ ______ can enter the cell
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fat soluble
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Insulin will prevent ______
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glycogenolysis
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Glucagon and Epinephrine favor _____
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glycogenolysis
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DNA to MRNA =
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transcription (nucleus)
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MRNA to Protein =
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Translation (cytoplasm)
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Gastrin:
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stimulates acid secretion, stimulates release of: peptides, amino acids
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Secretin:
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stimulates pancreatic bicarbonate secretion. stimulates release of fat.
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Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide (GIP)
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stimulates insulin release
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Somatostatin:
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inhibits acid secretion
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Histamine:
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stimulates gastric acid secretion
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DM and CP
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Dry Matter, Crude Protein
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CF and EE
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Crude Fiber and Ether Extract
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ADF and NDF
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Acid Detergent Fiber and Neutral Detergent Fiber
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ADF has ____ and NDF does not:
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hemicellulose
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ADIN, TDN and NFE
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Acid Detergent Insoluble Nitrogen, Total Digestible Nutrients and Nitrogen Free Extract
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calculation for NFE:
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100 - (Moisture + CP + EE + CF + Ash)
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Multiply N by ___ to get % CP
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6.25
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Difference between NDF and ADF
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ADF removes hemicellulose
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example of NDF
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plant cell wall components
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Lignin:
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has no nutritional value to animals
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DM basis is what percentage ?
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100%
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Air Dry basis is what percentage?
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90%
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As fed basis percentage is?
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20-100% water, depends on feedstuff
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When converting to "As-Fed" to DM, nutrient concentration will _____, weight will ____
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go up, go down
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when converting DM to As-Fed, nutrient concentration will ____ and weight will _____.
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go down, go up
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To change PPM to %:
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divide by 10,000 (move decimal 4 places to the right)
50,000 ppm = 5% 6% = 60,000ppm |
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mg/kg is:
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the same as mg/million mg or PPM
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mg/lb =
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1lb = 453,600mg, so same as 453,600 mg
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convert mg/lb to PPM
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multiply by 2.205
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convert mg/lb to %
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multiply by 2.205, then divide by 10,000
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convert PPM to mg/lb
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divide by 2.205
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convert % to mg/lb
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multiply by 10,000, divide by 2.205
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In vivo:
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in the animal
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In situ:
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local (example, the cannula)
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In vitro:
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in glass/lab
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TDN is derived by adding together:
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DCP (digestible crude protein), DCF (digestible crude fiber), Digestible NFE, Digestible Crude Fat (EE x 2.25)
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Lipids have ____ x the energy value of an equal weight of carbohydrate and protein.
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2.25
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What does TDN not include:
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digestible mineral matter (ash)
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Feeds high in fat will sometimes exceed 100% because:
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digestible fat is multiplied by 2.25
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Unless the DM of a feed is ____, it can have no TDN value
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digestible, so foods high in fiber are low in digestibility and have low TDN
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more digestible fat _____ the TDN value
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higher
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Energy Disposition:
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Gross Energy (fecal energy) --- Digestible Energy (urinary and gas energy) ---- Metabolizable energy (heat increment) --- Net energy (available for animal)
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Net Energy:
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portion of metabolizable energy that may be used for work, growth, fattening, fetal development, milk production and/or maintenance.
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ME-HI (heat increment) =
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NE (net energy)
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Carbohydrates contain ___ ___ and ___, with ___ and ___ in the same proportion as H2O.
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C, H, O, H O
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The main source of energy for an animal:
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carbohydrates
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Simple sugar formula
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C6H12O6
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formed in plants by:
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photosynthesis:
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Glucose is a _______ and is found primarily in:
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monosaccharide: syrup and blood
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Glucose is sometimes referred to as:
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dextrose
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Fructose is found in: ______ and ____ and is the _______ of all sugars.
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ripe fruits and honey: sweetest
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Galactose is found in
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Milk
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Disaccharides all have the formula:
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C12H22O11, formed by two monosaccharides
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Sucrose:
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disaccharide, hydrolyzed by glucose and fructose. Has alpha 1-4 bond.
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Maltose
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disaccharide, hydrolyzed to glucose by maltase.
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Lactose:
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disaccharide: hydrolyzed by lactase to glucose and galactose.
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Oligosaccharides:
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short chains of monosaccharides, < 10
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Polysaccharides:
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complex carbohydrates with chemical formula of: C6H10O5
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Polysaccharide: Starch:
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major plant storage form of glucose. Occurs as Amylose (straight chains) and Amylopectin (highly branched). Have α 1-4 bonds, which are hydrolyzed by amylases
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Polysaccharides broken down to ____ broken down to ____ broken down to ____ before digestion
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oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides
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Glycogen: Polysaccharide:
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sometimes referred to as "animal starch". Produced by the liver and is the PRIMARY CARBOHYDRATE RESERVE IN ANIMALS.
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Glycogen is hydrolyzed entirely to
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glucose
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Pancreatic amylases do not work on:
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α 1-4 bonds
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Polysaccharide: Hemicellulose:
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lies chemically between starch and cellulose. More digestible than cellulose, but less digestible than sugars and starch
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Polysaccharide: Cellulose:
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principal constituent of cell wall of plants. Low in digestibility. Linked by β 1-4 bonds (only digestible by ruminants and hind gut fermenters).
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Cellulose is hydrolyzed to:
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glucose
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Polysaccharide:Lignin:
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not a true carbohydrate. Too much C, H and O are not in right proportion. Found in overmature hays
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Differences between Large and Small Intestine absorption of Carbohydrates: Type of digestion:
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Large: microbial
Small: enzymatic |
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Differences between Large and Small Intestine absorption of Carbohydrates: End product
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Large: VFA's
Small: glucose |
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Differences between Large and Small Intestine absorption of Carbohydrates: Absorption:
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Large: passively diffused into bloodstream
Small: absorbed using ATP |
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VFA's are absorbed in the:
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rumen NOT small intestine
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Ruminants do not have this enzyme:
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salivary amylase
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Pancreatic amylase:
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hydroyzes α 1-4 bonds, produces monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides
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Digestion in the small intestine is mediated by enzymes lining the :
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brush border region
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Disaccharides are converted by ______ enzymes to monosaccharides
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brush border
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sucrose broken down by ______ to _______ and _______
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sucrase, glucose and fructose
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Maltose broken down by _______ to ________ and _________
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maltase, glucose and glucose
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Lactose broken down by _______ to ________ and ________
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lactase, glucose and galactose
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Volatile Fatty Acids (VFA's)
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Propionate, Butyrate and Acetate
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Cellulase is capable of hydrolyzing _________
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β 1-4 linkages (like in cellulose that hind gut and ruminants eat)
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Monosaccharides are absorbed primarily in the:
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duodenum and jejunum
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SGLT
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sodium dependent glucose transporter - found in intestinal lumen
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GLUT2
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facilitated glucose transporter (across plasma membranes)
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Insulin influences:
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rate of transport
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In ruminants: most carbohydrates are fermented by:
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microbes before they are exposed to gastric and small intestine enzymes
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In ruminants: almost all carbohydrates are fermented in the:
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rumen
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Cellulolytic Bacteria: prefer ____ pH
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prefer 6-7 pH, use N as NH3, produce Acetate, propionate and little butyrate and CO2. Predominate in animals fed high roughage diets
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Amylolytic Bacteria
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digest starch, prefer pH 5-6, utilize N as NH3 or peptides, produce propionate, butyrate and sometimes lactate. Predominate in animals fed grain diets
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Ruminant small intestine:
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secrete digestive enzymes, digestive secretions from pancreas and liver, further digestion of carbs,end product glucose
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Ruminant Cecum and Large intestine:
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Bacterial population ferments the unbabsorbed products of digestion, absorption of H2O and VFA's, end product VFA, passive
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Carbohydrate digestion rate
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Sugars (fastest), Starch, Cellulose (slowest)
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VFA's are absorbed passively from the rumen to portal blood and provide __________
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70-80% of the ruminants energy needs
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Acetate:
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energy and fatty acid synthesis
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Propionate:
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energy and gluconeogenic glucose synthesis
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Butyrate:
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energy and rumen epithelial cells convert butyrate to ketone
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Cells use most of the butyrate ______________________
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for their own energy needs
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Acetate and Propionate are exported to _______
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blood
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High forage diet =
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high acetate production
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High grain diet =
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high propionate production
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Bicarbonate comes from:
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saliva --- if fed high grain, less saliva produced, so less bicarbonate and lower pH
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Propionate is reserved for:
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gluconeogenesis
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Acetate is the major substrate for:
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lipogenesis - hence importance of adequate fiber in dairy diets to maintain milk-fat levels
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Why is there less fluctuation of glucose in ruminants?
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eat more constantly, continuous VFA production, continuous digesta flow, continuous gluconeogenesis
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Glucose may be CATabolized to:
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pyruvate or lactate by glycolosis
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Glucose may be POLYmerized and:
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stored as glycogen in the liver and muscle
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Glucose may be OXIdized via:
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pentose-phosphate pathway
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Glycolosis consists of:
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10 sequential reactions, that convert glucose to tow molecules of pyruvate
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aerobic glycolosis
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pyruvate degraded to H2O and CO2
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Glycogen is a _____ branched ______ of _______.
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highly, polymer, glucose
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In the liver glycogen acts as:
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a buffer for regulating glucose levels between meals
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In the muscle glycogen acts as:
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a store of glucose, rapidly metabolized to provide energy
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Glycogenesis:
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blood glucose converted to glycogen
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_____ is the rate limiting component in golycogenesis
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glycogen synthase
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Glycogen Metabolism:
well-fed state |
glycogen synthesis: increased
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Glycogen Metabolism:
fasting |
glycogen synthesis: decreased
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Glycogen Metabolism:
hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia |
glycogen synthesis: increased and decreased
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Glycogen Metabolism:
Elevated insulin: Elevated Glucagon, Epinephrine and adenosine |
glycogen synthesis: increased with insulin, decreased with the other three
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Glycogen Metabolism:
Enzyme phosphorylation: glycogen synthase, glycogen phsphorylase |
Glycogen synthesis: decreased and increased
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