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49 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
social, political, and religious patterns most closely associated with subsistence
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cultural core
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reliance on naturally occurring plants/animals
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foraging (hunting/gathering)
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simple farming of domesticated plants with simple tools
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horticulture
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growing multiple crops in the same space to mimic natural environments
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polyculture
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characteristics of horticulture
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slash/burn, fallow, polyculture, extensive agriculture (low yield/acre)
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breeding, use and care of domesticated herd animals, animals not eaten
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pastoralism
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type of agriculture with large amounts of labor and capital relative to land size
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intensive agriculture
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type of agriculture with small amounts of labor and capital relative to land size
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extensive agriculture
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type of pastoralism where the entire group moves
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pastoral nomadism
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type of pastoralism where subgroups move
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transhumance
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plants and animals that people used for food
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diet
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food resources available within a region
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menu
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3 secure ways to reconstruct diet
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stomach contents
coprolites bone isotope analysis - c13 varies depending on plants eaten (tropical v temperate) and terrestrial vs marine n15 varies with terrestrial vs marine (higher) resources |
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pollen analysis; preserved well in bogs and lake beds; changes indicate vegetation changes
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palynology
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what can be done in faunal remains in PeR
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compared by analogy to known environments in which species lived, may not be useful because some environments have no modern analogies
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3 problems with multiple sources of data for PeR
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different data measure different things, and some proxies are better than others
spotty distribution and preservation may bias interpretation differences in temporal resolution and time lags between environmental and animal/vegetation changes |
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ways humans effect their environments
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overhunting, introducing new species (domestic and by accident), changes in landscape (such as for disposal)
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macrobotanical remains for PeR
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things you can see - seeds, preserved wood (carbonized and uncarbonized)
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deep sea sediment cores good for what
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things deposited in the ocean sediments after death; certain species live in particular conditions (reflect environmental conditions), carbonate shells retain oxygen isotope proportions (reflect temperature)
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ice cores good for what
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oxygen isotopes preserved in ice (reflect temperatures)
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investigations to reconstruct climate and vegetation of a specific place
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paleoenvironmental reconstruction
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macrobotanical remains
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can be seen with naked eye (seeds, whole plants etc)
preserved through carbonization, desiccation, water logging, plant impressions mostly recovered through flotation |
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phytoliths
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pieces of silica deposited in cells of plants that are specific to plant species and parts of plants; survive well; analysis is problematic
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microbotanical remains
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phytoliths
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plant residues
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starches, fatty acids and amino acids
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nisp mni
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number of identified specimens
minimal number of individuals |
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movement of goods, commodity routes, not the people involved
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trade
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deals with people that move commodities along
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exchange
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three types of reciprocity
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generalized - uninhibited sharing; expect nothing in return
balanced - give something, but expect equal back at an unspecified date negative - give goods/services and expect to be repaid immediately |
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process of economy
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acquisition, production, distribution/exchange, consumption, discard
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monetary expression of exchange value
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money-prices
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practical and objectively determined value, qualitative
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use value
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value that represents what quantity of other goods for which it can be exchanged
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exchange value
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goods and services gathered into central place then given out
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redistribution
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process of provisioning through a buyer-seller transaction with price negotiation
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market exchange
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waste flakes
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debitage
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how to determine a stone's source
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chemical composition - different sources have different signatures
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a piece removed from a core
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flake
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area where flake was struck when removed
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striking platform
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just below striking platform, where flake was removed
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bulb of percussion
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on core from removal of flake
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flake scar
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weathered surface on a stone
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cortex
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flake with this make indicate movement of roughly formed or unworked raw material
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cortext
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many behaviors produce the same pattern
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equifinality
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modes of exchange can be identified how
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through the presence of nodes
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these calculate the quantity of material over distance from a source
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fall off curves
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microscopic examination of used surface or artifacts
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microwear analysis
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these may indicate how an artifact was used ie bloodletting
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chemical residues
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tending and caring for plants
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cultivation
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