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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Cladistic Taxonomy
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System for classifying organism in which patterns of descent are the only criteria used
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Evolutionary Taxonomy
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System for classifying organisms which uses both patterns of descent and patterns of overall similarity for classification
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Evolutionary Convergence
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The evolution of similar characteristics in unrelated species (e.g camera type eyes in both vertebrates and mollusks)
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Evolutionary Homology
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Similarity of traits due to common ancestor (gorillas and baboons both being quadrupedal due to common quadrupedal ancestor)
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Frugivore
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Eat fruit, smaller than folivores
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Folivores
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Eat leaves, large body size, special adaptations (large body size, low activity levels, shearing molars, gut microbes, dietary selectivity
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Insectivores
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Eat insects, generally smaller than frugivores
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Gumnivores
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Eat gum- important source of carbohydrates
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Biological Altruism
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Tendency of some organisms to behave in ways that benefit other creatures at a cost to themselves
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Group Selection/Theory
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To avoid overexploitation of resources, organisms restrain their reproduction for the good of the group/population
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Hamilton's Rule
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Altruism pays off when rb>c
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Reciprocal Altrusim
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The theory that altruism can evolve if pairs of individuals take turns giving and receiving altruism over the course of many encounters
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Parental Investment
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Any investment in time, risk or energy by a parent in an offspring that reduces the investment available for other offspring
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Sexual Selection
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For of selection that results from differential mating success in one gender. Selection for traits that enable individuals to require more or better mates.
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Theories
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Give us the power to deduce hypotheses about a wide range of phenomena, tell us what to look for, pose puzzles, suggest their solutions and serve as guides to discovery.
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Hypotheses
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Proposed causal relationship between two or more variables, can be deduced from theory, based off of previously accumulated data, or based solely on intuition.
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Assumptions
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A statement accepted as true without evidence
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Data
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Answers to questions, obtained when you measure something systematically
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Inferences
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Conclusions drawn from evidence
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Darwin's Postulate #1
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The ability of a population to reproduce is infinite but the ability of the environment to support the population is finite.
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Darwin's Postulate #2
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Organisms within a population vary, and this variation affects their ability to survive and reproduce.
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Darwin's Postulate #3
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Variation is transmitted from parent to offspring.
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Lamarckian Genetics
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Idea that an organism can pass down characteristics it acquired during its lifetime to its offspring.
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List Constraints on Adaptations
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Correlated Characteristics, Disequilibrium, Genetic Drift, Local v. Optimal, Other constraints (physics, chemistry)
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Correlated Characteristics
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When individuals have particular varients of one character and also tend to have particular variants of another character, the characters are said to be correlated.
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Disequilibrium
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Populations being observed may not have reached equilibrium. Selection produces optimal adaptations only at equilibrium.
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Genetic Drift
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When populations are small, this may cause random changes in gene frequency. Causes isolated populations to become genetically different from each other
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Local v. Optimal
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Natural selection may lead to an evolutionary phenotype in which at which the most common phenotype is not necessarily the best.
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Allopatric Speciation
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Speciation that occurs when two or more populations of a single species are geographically isolated from each other and then diverge to form two or more new species.
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Natural Selection
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process by which favorable variations among individuals within a particular environment are passed from one generation to the next.
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