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65 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
The similar, streamlined shape found in speedy fish, birds, and mammals is an example of...
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Convergent evolution
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The rates of exchange for nutrients, waste products, and gases of a cell are proportional to...
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Surface area
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The amount of material that must be exchanged to sustain life in a cell is proportional to.,.
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Volume
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Being long and flat like a tapeworm or having only two cell layers and a mouth-anus which lets water in and out are two ways that...
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Nearly all the cells of each organism can be in contact with the environment for exchange
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T/F: Internal body fluids link exchange surfaces to body cells.
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True
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What are the spaces between cells in animals often filled with?
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Interstitial fluid
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T/F: Exchange between the interstitial fluid and circulatory fluid (blood) enables cells throughout the body to obtain nutrients and get rid of wastes.
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True
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What are the four main categories of animal tissues?
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Epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscle tissue, and nervous tissue
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What type of tissue covers the outside of the body and lines organs and cavities within the body?
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Epithelial tissue
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What are the cells of epithelial tissue called?
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Epithelia
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What are all the different types and heights of epithelia?
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Cubodial, columnar, squamous; simpled, stratified, or pseudostratified
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What are the two surfaces of epithelia?
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Apical (faces the lumen or the outside of organ) and basal (attached to ECM).
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(JUST read) T/F: Cubodial (sectretion, kidney tubules); simple squamous (leaky for exchange, lungs); simple columnar (absorbs nutrients, digestive); pseudostratified ciliated columnar (mucous membrane, respiratory tract); stratified squamous (quickly regenerates, skin)
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True
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What type of animal tissue bind and supports other tissues in the body?
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Connective tissue
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Loose connective tissue, cartilage, fibrous connective tissue, adipose tissue, blood, and bone are all types of...
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Connective tissue
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What type of connective tissue cells secrete the protein ingredients of the extracellular fibers?
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Fibroblasts
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What type of connective tissue cells roam the maze of fibers in the ECM, engulfing both foreign particles and the debris of dead cells by phagocytosis?
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Macrophages
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What type of connective tissue is most abundant, has collagenous, elastic, and reticular fibers, and holds organs in place by binding to epithelia?
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Loose connective tissue
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Which type of connective tissue, dense with collagenous fibers, is found in tendons and ligaments?
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Fibrous connective tissue
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Which type of connective tissue has cells called osteoblasts and repeating units called osteons?
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Bone
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Which type of connective tissue has an abundance of collagenous fibers secreted by chondrocytes?
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Carilage
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Which type of connective tissue is a specialized loose connective tissue that stores fat in fat droplets?
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Adipose tissue
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Which type of connective tissue has a liquid ECM called plasma?
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Blood
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Which type of muscle is responsible for voluntary movements, and is striated with muscle fibers.
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Skeletal
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Which type of muscle is involuntary, and is branched with intercalated disks, relaying signals from cell to cell?
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Cardiac muscle
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Which type of muscle lacks striations, is involuntary, and is found in the walls of all organs?
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Smooth muscle
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What tissue's function is to sense stimuli and transmit signals in the form of nerve impulses from one part of the animal to another?
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Nervous tissue
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Nerve cells are called...
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Neurons
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What part of a neuron transmits signals from from its tip toward the rest of the neuron?
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A dendrite
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What part of a neuron is bundled together into nerves and trasmits signals toward another neuron or an effector (muscle cell, etc.)?
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An axon
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What are the two major systems for control and coordination in animals?
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The endocrine system and nervous system
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What are the four types of cells that receive nerve impulses?
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Other neurons, muscle cells, endocrine cells, and exocrine cells
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What is an animal said to be for a particular environmental variable if it uses internal control mechanisms to regulate internal change in the face of external fluctuation?
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A regulator
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What is an animal said to be for a particular environmental variable if it allows its internal condition to conform to external changes in the variable?
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A conformer
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In what process do animals maintain a relatively constant internal environment even when the external environment changes significantly?
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Homeostasis
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What is the particular value at which homeostasis is trying to maintain an animal called?
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The set point
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What is it called when the animal fluctuates from the set point?
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A stimulus
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What detects this stimulus? What does this lead to?
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A sensor, ultimately leads to a response
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T/F: Homeostasis reduces but doesn't eliminate changes in the internal environment.
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True
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What type of mechanism, conversely, usually triggers mechanisms that amplify rather than diminish the stimulus?
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Positive feedback
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What is "regulated change" and what are some examples?
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Changes in the set point or normal range of a mechanism that occur throughout ones life; perhaps as it occurs once during puberty, or several cyclic times during a woman's menstrual cycle.
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The temporary process by which an animal adjusts to changes in its external environment (such as when an elk produces more RBCs at higher elevations with less oxygen levels) is called...
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Acclimatization
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The process by which animals maintain an internal temperature within a tolerable range is called...
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Thermoregulation
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Internal metabolism and the external environment provide the sources of heat for...
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Thermoregulation
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Birds and mammals are mainly _, meaning that they are warmed mostly by heat generated by metabolism.
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Endothermic
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Amphibians, lizards, snakes, turtles, many fish, and most invertebraes are _, meaning that they gain most of their heat from external sources.
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Ectothermic
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T/F: Because their heat source is largely environmental, ectotherms generally need to consume much less food than endotherms of equivalent size, an true evolutionary advantage.
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True
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An animal whose body temperature varies with its environment is called a...
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Poikilotherm
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An animal with a relatively constant body temperature is called a...
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Homeotherm (neither this or the last slide are actually specifically related to endotherms and ectotherms; both can be either poikilos or homeotherms)
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(You know the definitions of radiation and evaporation) What is the transfer of heat by the movement of air or liquid past a surface called?
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Convection
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What is the direct transfer of thermal motion between molecules of objects in direct contact with each other called?
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Conduction
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Hair, feathers, and layers of adipose can all act as...
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Insulation (fur can raise up and trap a thicker layer of air)
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What reduces blood flow to the extremities and what increases it?
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Reduces = vasoconstriction. Increases = vasodilation
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In many birds and mammals, reduction of heat loss relies on _ _, the flow of adjacent fluids in opposing directions that maximizes transfer rates of heat or solutes.
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Countercurrent exchange (arteries and veins, often ends up making interior muscles warmer than exterior so more work can be done)
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Ectotherms regulate their body temperatures mainly by moving in and out of the sun, etc.
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True
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What is nonshivering thermogenesis?
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When certain hormones cause mitochondria to produce heat instead of ATP.
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What part of the brain acts as an animal's thermostat, using warm receptors and cold receptors?
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The hypothalamus
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What is the overall flow and transformation of energy in an animal called?
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Bioenergetics
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The amount of energy an animal uses in a unit of time is called its...
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Metabolic rate
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The minimum metabolic rate of a nongrowing endotherm that is at rest, has an empty stomach, and is not experiencing stress is called the...
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Basal metabolic rate (BMR)
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The metabolic rate of a fasting, nonstressed ectotherm at rest at a particular temperature is called its...
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Standard metabolic rate
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T/F: As body mass increases, the energy it takes to maintain each gram of body weight decreases.
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True
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What is the physiological state in which activity is low and metabolism decreases called?
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Torpor
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What is long-term torpor that is an adaptation to winter cold and food scarcity?
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Hibernation
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Estivation is...
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Summer turpor
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