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34 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
A cell's endowment of DNA - genetic information - passed to each daughter cell
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Genome
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46 chromosomes in human
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Somatic cells
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23 chromosomes in humans - same genes; homologus
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Gametes
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DNA molecules packaged
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Chromosomes
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DNA-protein comles; after a cell duplicates its DNA in preparation for division, it condenses - densely coiled
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Chromatin
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Each duplicated chromosome has two of these
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Sister chromatids
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Chromosome's narrow "waist" in condensed form
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Centromere
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The division of the nucleus usually followed immediately by cytokenesis - copies of sister chromatids pulled apart
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Mitosis
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The division of the cytoplasm
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Cytokenesis
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Yields daughter cells that have half as many chromosomes as the parent cell; occurs only in gonads
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Meiosis
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Includes both mitosis and cytokenesis; shortest part of the cell cycle
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Miotic (M) phase
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90% of the cycle; the cell grows and copies its chromosomes in preparation for cell division
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Interphase
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Amitotic stop at G1 phase; will go and divide
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Go phase
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First gap; makes proteins needed and grows
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G1 phase
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Chromosomes are duplicated here only
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S phase
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Second gap; grows more
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G2 phase
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Forms in the cytoplasm during prophase; consists of fibers of microtubules and associated proteins
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Mitotic spindle
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The assembly of spindle microtubules start here; nonmembrane organelle that functions throughout the cell cycle to organize the cell's microtubules
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Centrosome
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Structure of proteins and specific sectoins of chromosomal DNA at the centromere
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Kinetochore
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Triggers breakdown of cyclin and inactivates proteins holding sister chromatids together
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APC
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An imaginary plane during metaphase in which centromeres of all duplicated chromosomes are located midway between the two poles
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Metaphase plate
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In animal cells, cytokenesis occurs by this
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Cleavage furrow
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"Division of half"; prokaryotes reproduce by this type of cell division; most bacterial cells carried on a single bacterial chromosome that consists of a circular DNA molecule and associated proteins
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Binary Fission
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Cyclically operating set of molecules in the cell that both triggers and coordinates key events in the cell cycle
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Cell Cycle Control System
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A critical control point where stop and go ahead signals can regulate the cycle; 3 found in G1, G2, and M phases
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Checkpoint
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Activate or inactivate by phosphorylating proteins (they are enzymes) - concentration constant - usually in inactive form
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Protein kinases
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Give go-ahead signals at the G1 and G2 checkpoints
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Particular kinases
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Kinase must attatch to this to be active; protein that cyclically fluctuating concentration in the cell; these kinases are called cyclin-dependent kinases (CdKs)
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Cyclin
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Activity correspond to the peaks of cyclin concentration; "maturation-promoting factor"; triggers the cell passage past the G2 checkpoint to the M phase
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MPF
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Protein released by certain body cell
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Growth factor
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Crowded cells stop dividing
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Density-dependent inhibition
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Animal cells must be attracted to a substratum; signaled to the cell cycle control system via pathways involving plasma membrane proteins and elements of the cytoskeleton linked to them - ECM; checks growth of cells
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Anchorage dependence
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Tumor returns to original site; don't cause serious problems and can be completely removed
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Benign tumor
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Becomes invasive enough to impair the functoin of normal organs
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Malignant tumor
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