Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
89 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Root System
|
roots anchored in soil, absorbs minerals and water, and stores food
|
|
Shoot System
|
Stems and leaves, focuses on absorbing light energy and carbon dioxide
|
|
Fibrous Root
|
-mat of thin roots spread out below the soil surface
-extends exposure to soil water and minerals and anchors tenaciously to the ground -topsoil, excellent ground cover for preventing erosion -Monocot |
|
Taproot System
|
-Dicots
-one large vertical root that produces many smaller lateral or branch, roots -firmly anchors in soil often stores food |
|
Root Hairs
|
-increase surface area of roots
-extension of epidermal cells on the root surface -trichomes |
|
Adventitious Roots
|
-extraneous roots that grow above ground and can often be used as additional support for the stem
|
|
Nodes
|
-point of attachment for leaves
|
|
Internodes
|
-space between nodes
|
|
Axillary bud
|
-in the angle between the leave and the stem
-potential to become a branch on the stem |
|
Terminal bud
|
-located at the top of growing young shoots
-concentrated point of growth for a young plant |
|
Apical Dominance
|
-when the axillary buds do not grow when there is terminal bud
-concentrates plant resources on growing taller and thereby increasing its exposure to light from the sun |
|
Runners
|
-stems that grow along the ground and help the plant colonize a larger area
|
|
Rhizomes
|
horizontal stems that grow underground
|
|
Tubers
|
swollen ends of rhizomes that are specialized to store food
|
|
Bulbs
|
-vertical underground shoots
-mostly swollen bases of leaves that store food |
|
Leaves
|
-main photosynthetic organs of most plants
-green stems also perform photosynthesis |
|
Monocots
|
-one cotyledon
-veins usually parallel -vascular bundles usually complexly arranged -fibrous root system -floral parts usually in multiples of three |
|
Dicots
|
-two cotyledons
-veins usually netlike -vascular bundles usually arranged in ring -taproot usually present -Floral parts usually in multiples of four or five |
|
Dermal tissue (epidermis)
|
"skin" of the plant, consists of a single layer of tightly packed cells
|
|
Stomates (stomata)
|
-openings in the epidermis
-allow for gas exchange between the surrounding air and photosynthetic cells -major source of water loss by evaporation |
|
Guard cells
|
-regulates opening of the stomata
-specialized epidermal cells |
|
Cuticle
|
-non-living layer that aids in preventing water loss
-forms from waxy substance secreted from epidermal cells |
|
Parenchyma Cells
|
-thin flexible primary cell walls and no secondary walls
-most abundant cells in the plant -found in photosynthetic palisade mesophyll of the leaf |
|
Collenchyma Cells
|
-rigid in structure than parenchyma
-thicker primary cell wall (thickness not uniform) -provides support to the other tissues of the plant -can provide structure without restricting growth of the plant due to the absence of a secondary cell wall -found in parts of plant that are still growing |
|
Sclerenchyma Cells
|
-rigid and are specialized to provide support to the plant
-thick, secondary walls are strengthened by lignin -found in parts of plant that are no longer growing in length |
|
Vascular Tissue
|
-found throughout plant
-responsible for transport of materials through the plant |
|
Xylem
|
-transports water and dissolved minerals from the roots
|
|
Phloem
|
-transports food made in the leaves down to the rest of the plant
-food is transported to the roots and non-photosynthetic parts of the plant |
|
Collenchyma Cells
|
-rigid in structure than parenchyma
-thicker primary cell wall (thickness not uniform) -provides support to the other tissues of the plant -can provide structure without restricting growth of the plant due to the absence of a secondary cell wall -found in parts of plant that are still growing |
|
Sclerenchyma Cells
|
-rigid and are specialized to provide support to the plant
-thick, secondary walls are strengthened by lignin -found in parts of plant that are no longer growing in length |
|
Vascular Tissue
|
-found throughout plant
-responsible for transport of materials through the plant |
|
Xylem
|
-transports water and dissolved minerals from the roots
|
|
Collenchyma Cells
|
-rigid in structure than parenchyma
-thicker primary cell wall (thickness not uniform) -provides support to the other tissues of the plant -can provide structure without restricting growth of the plant due to the absence of a secondary cell wall -found in parts of plant that are still growing |
|
Phloem
|
-transports food made in the leaves down to the rest of the plant
-food is transported to the roots and non-photosynthetic parts of the plant |
|
Collenchyma Cells
|
-rigid in structure than parenchyma
-thicker primary cell wall (thickness not uniform) -provides support to the other tissues of the plant -can provide structure without restricting growth of the plant due to the absence of a secondary cell wall -found in parts of plant that are still growing |
|
Sclerenchyma Cells
|
-rigid and are specialized to provide support to the plant
-thick, secondary walls are strengthened by lignin -found in parts of plant that are no longer growing in length |
|
Sclerenchyma Cells
|
-rigid and are specialized to provide support to the plant
-thick, secondary walls are strengthened by lignin -found in parts of plant that are no longer growing in length |
|
Vascular Tissue
|
-found throughout plant
-responsible for transport of materials through the plant |
|
Collenchyma Cells
|
-rigid in structure than parenchyma
-thicker primary cell wall (thickness not uniform) -provides support to the other tissues of the plant -can provide structure without restricting growth of the plant due to the absence of a secondary cell wall -found in parts of plant that are still growing |
|
Vascular Tissue
|
-found throughout plant
-responsible for transport of materials through the plant |
|
Xylem
|
-transports water and dissolved minerals from the roots
|
|
Sclerenchyma Cells
|
-rigid and are specialized to provide support to the plant
-thick, secondary walls are strengthened by lignin -found in parts of plant that are no longer growing in length |
|
Collenchyma Cells
|
-rigid in structure than parenchyma
-thicker primary cell wall (thickness not uniform) -provides support to the other tissues of the plant -can provide structure without restricting growth of the plant due to the absence of a secondary cell wall -found in parts of plant that are still growing |
|
Xylem
|
-transports water and dissolved minerals from the roots
|
|
Phloem
|
-transports food made in the leaves down to the rest of the plant
-food is transported to the roots and non-photosynthetic parts of the plant |
|
Vascular Tissue
|
-found throughout plant
-responsible for transport of materials through the plant |
|
Phloem
|
-transports food made in the leaves down to the rest of the plant
-food is transported to the roots and non-photosynthetic parts of the plant |
|
Sclerenchyma Cells
|
-rigid and are specialized to provide support to the plant
-thick, secondary walls are strengthened by lignin -found in parts of plant that are no longer growing in length |
|
Collenchyma Cells
|
-rigid in structure than parenchyma
-thicker primary cell wall (thickness not uniform) -provides support to the other tissues of the plant -can provide structure without restricting growth of the plant due to the absence of a secondary cell wall -found in parts of plant that are still growing |
|
Collenchyma Cells
|
-rigid in structure than parenchyma
-thicker primary cell wall (thickness not uniform) -provides support to the other tissues of the plant -can provide structure without restricting growth of the plant due to the absence of a secondary cell wall -found in parts of plant that are still growing |
|
Xylem
|
-transports water and dissolved minerals from the roots
|
|
Sclerenchyma Cells
|
-rigid and are specialized to provide support to the plant
-thick, secondary walls are strengthened by lignin -found in parts of plant that are no longer growing in length |
|
Vascular Tissue
|
-found throughout plant
-responsible for transport of materials through the plant |
|
Sclerenchyma Cells
|
-rigid and are specialized to provide support to the plant
-thick, secondary walls are strengthened by lignin -found in parts of plant that are no longer growing in length |
|
Phloem
|
-transports food made in the leaves down to the rest of the plant
-food is transported to the roots and non-photosynthetic parts of the plant |
|
Vascular Tissue
|
-found throughout plant
-responsible for transport of materials through the plant |
|
Xylem
|
-transports water and dissolved minerals from the roots
|
|
Phloem
|
-transports food made in the leaves down to the rest of the plant
-food is transported to the roots and non-photosynthetic parts of the plant |
|
Vascular Tissue
|
-found throughout plant
-responsible for transport of materials through the plant |
|
Xylem
|
-transports water and dissolved minerals from the roots
|
|
Xylem
|
-transports water and dissolved minerals from the roots
|
|
Phloem
|
-transports food made in the leaves down to the rest of the plant
-food is transported to the roots and non-photosynthetic parts of the plant |
|
Phloem
|
-transports food made in the leaves down to the rest of the plant
-food is transported to the roots and non-photosynthetic parts of the plant |
|
Fibers
|
-one of two types of sclerenchyma cells
-long slender, tapered, and usually occur in groups -those from hemp fibers are used for making rope, and those from flax are woven into linen -made for support |
|
Sclereids
|
-one of two types of sclerenchyma cells
-irregular in shape and shorter than fibers -very thick, lignified secondary walls -impart hardness to nutshells and seed coats and the gritty texture to pear fruits -made for support |
|
Tracheids
|
-elongated cells dead at functional maturity
-secondary walls interrupted by pits -long, thin cells with tampered ends -water moves from cell to cell through pits -hardened with lignin, tracheids function in support as well as transport |
|
Vessel Elements
|
-elongated cells that are dead at functional maturity
-wider, shorter, thinner walled, and less tapered than tracheids -aligned end to end, forming long micropipes or xylem vessels |
|
Pits
|
thinner regions where only primary walls are present
|
|
Sieve-tube members
|
-conducting cells of phloem
-living, have cytoplasm, lack nuclei or ribosomes at maturity therefore unable to divide -separated by perforated, cell wall end plates called sieve plates -perforations facilitate the passing of organic nutrients through the tissue |
|
Companion Cells
|
-non-conducting
-connected to the sieve-tube members by plasmodesmata -nucleus and ribosomes can work for the sieve-tube members through the plasmodesmata |
|
Indeterminate Growth
|
-they grow continuously throughout their lifetime
|
|
Annual plants
|
-complete lifecycle once a year
|
|
Biennial plants
|
complete lifecycle in two years
|
|
Perennials
|
lifecycle exists for many years
|
|
Meristems
|
-embryonic tissues
-exist in indeterminate growth -present in regions of plant growth |
|
Apical meristem
|
-located at the tips of the shoots (shoot apical meristem) and tips of the roots (root apical meristem)
-allow plant to grow in length |
|
Primary growth
|
-elongation affected by apical meristems
-adds primary phloem, xylem, and epidermis |
|
Protoderm
|
give rise to dermal tissue
|
|
Procambium
|
give rise to vascular tissue
|
|
Ground Meristem
|
give rise to ground tissue
|
|
Stele
|
central vascular tissue of the root
|
|
Pericycle
|
-surrounds stele
-give rise to lateral roots |
|
Vascular Cambium
|
gives rise to secondary xylem
|
|
Cork Cambium
|
gives rise to the cork cells and the outer bark
|
|
Secondary Plant Growth
|
-increases width of plant and functions to increase structural support of the plant and produces wood
-grow by lateral meristems |
|
Lateral Meristems
|
-commonly known as cambium
-responsible for secondary growth in plants |
|
Mesophyll
|
-ground tissue of the leaf found between the layers of epidermis
-contains palisade parenchyma, spongy parenchyma, and vascular bundle |
|
Pith
|
-central core of the stem
-made of parenchyma cells -collenchyma cells are found beneath the epidermis, in the cortex, for support |
|
Pith
|
-central core of the stem
-made of parenchyma cells -collenchyma cells are found beneath the epidermis, in the cortex, for support |