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55 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What connects bone to bone?
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Ligaments
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What connects bone to muscle?
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Tendons
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What are the 3 functional categories for joints?
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1. Synarthrotic - immovable
2. Amphiarthrotic - slightly movable 3. Diarthrotic - freely moveable |
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What are the 3 structural categories for joints?
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1. Fibrous
2. Synovial 3. Cartilaginous |
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Aside from structure & function, how else can joints be defined?
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The type of movement they allow.
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Define joint/articulation.
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The site where 2 or more bones meet.
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What are the 2 main functions of joints?
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Give skeleton mobility & hold it together.
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What is the weakest part of the skeleton?
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The joints.
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Where are immovable & slightly movable joints found?
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Mostly in the axial skeleton
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Are fibrous joints movable?
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No.
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Are synovial joints movable?
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Yes.
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Are cartilaginous joints movable?
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Can be rigid or slightly movable.
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Do fibrous joints have a joint cavity?
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No, they are just joined by fibrou tissue.
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What are the 3 types of fibrous joints?
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Sutures, syndesmoses, gomphoses.
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Where do you find sutures?
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They only occur between bones of the skull.
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What are synostoses?
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Former sutures. The fibrous tissue ossifies and the skull bones fuse into a single unit. Synostoses are the 'bony junctions.'
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What are syndesmoses?
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When bones are connected by ligaments.
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What is a gomphosis
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A peg-in-socket fibrous joint. Ex - tooth in alveolar socket.
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What are the two types of cartilaginous joints?
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Synchondroses
Sympheses |
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What is a synchondrosis?
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A joint united by a bar or plate of hyaline cartilage.
Ex - epiphyseal plates connecting diaphysis & epiphysis regions of long bones. |
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What are symphyses?
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Articular surfaces of bones are covered with articular (hyaline) cartilage, which is fused to an intervening pad/plate of fibrocartilage.
Amphiarthrotic. |
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What are synovial joints?
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Articulating bones separated by a fluid-containing joint cavity.
Diarthrotic. All limb joints are synovial. |
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What are the 5 distinguishing features of synovial joints?
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1. Articular cartilage
2. Joint (synovial)cavity 3. Articular capsule 4. Synovial fluid 5. Reinforcing ligaments |
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What are the "ball bearings" of synovial joints?
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Bursae & tendon sheaths.
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What is a bunion?
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An enlarged bursa at the base of the big toe.
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What 3 things is joint stability dependent on?
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1. Shape of articular surfaces
2. Number & positioning of ligaments 3. Muscle tone |
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How much can a ligament stretch before it snaps?
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6% of its length.
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When ligaments are the major means of bracing a joint, how stable is the joint?
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Not very stable b/c ligaments are subject to snapping.
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What are the two ends of the muscle, and where are they attached?
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The origin is attached to the immovable/less movable bone
The insertion is attached to the movable bone. |
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What are the 4 ranges of motion allowed by synovial joints?
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1. Nonaxial movement - slipping
2. Uniaxial movement - one plane 3. Biaxial movement - 2 planes 4. Multiaxial movement - 3 planes |
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What are the 3 types of movements allowed by synovial joints?
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1. Gliding
2. Angular 3. Rotation |
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What are the 3 types of synovial movements?
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Gliding
Angular Rotation |
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What happens during gliding movements?
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They are the simplest movements, also known as "translation." One flat/nearly flat bone glides over another without angulation or rotation.
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What happens during angular movements?
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They increase or decrease the angle between 2 bones.
Include: flexion, extension, hyperextension, abduction, adduction & circumduction. |
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What is flexion?
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A bending movement, usually along the sagittal plane, that decreases the angle of the joint and brings the articulating bones closer together.
Ex - bending the head forward on the chest. |
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What is extension?
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The reverse of flexion.
Movement along the sagittal plane that increases the angle between the articulating bones. Ex - straightening a flexed neck, elbow, etc. |
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What is abduction?
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Movement of a limb away from the midline of the body, along the frontal plane.
Ex - raising the arm laterally. |
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What is adduction?
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Opposite of abduction.
Movement of a limb toward the body midline. |
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What is circumduction?
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Moving a limb so it describes a cone in space. Actually consists of flexion, abduction, extension & adduction performed in succession.
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What is rotation?
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The turning of a bone around its own long axis. Can be directed toward or away from the midline.
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What is the ulna?
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Forearm bone that runs from the tip of the elbow to the little finger side of the wrist.
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What is supination?
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Rotating the forearm laterally so the palm faces anteriorly or superiorly.
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What is pronation?
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Rotating the forearm medially so the palm faces posteriorly or inferiorly.
The radius & ulna bones form an x. |
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Is the hand in supination or pronation in the anatomical position?
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Supination.
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What is inversion?
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When the sole of the foot turns medially.
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What is eversion?
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When the sole faces laterally.
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What is eversion?
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When the sole of the foot faces laterally.
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What are protraction & retraction?
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Nonangular anterior & posterior movements in a transverse plane.
Ex - mandible is protracted when you jut out your jaw. |
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What is elevation?
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Lifting a body part superiorly
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What is depression?
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Moving the elevated part inferiorly.
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What is opposition?
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When you touch your thumb to the tips of the other fingers on the same hand.
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What are the 6 types of synovial joints?
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1. Plane
2. Hinge 3. Pivot 4. Condyloid 5. Saddle 6. Ball & socket joints |
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What are plane joints?
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The articular surfaces are essentially flat.
Ex - intercarpal & intertarsal joints. |
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What are hinge joints?
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When a cylindrical projection of one bone fits into a trough-shaped surface on another. Motion is along a single plane
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What are pivot joints?
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When the rounded end of one bone protrudes into a sleeve/ring of bone & ligaments of another.
Ex - Shaking your head no. |