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29 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is the difference between endocrine and exocrine glands? |
exocrine glands have ducts, endocrine glands are duct-less and therefore secrete hormones directly into the blood. |
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Name a lipid based hormone |
- any glucocorticoid - any mineralocorticoid - thyroid hormone (T3 & T4) |
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What type of hormone is insulin? |
A peptide based hormone |
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Name a hormone that works in a positive feedback loop |
- oxytocin |
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Which part of the pituitary gland is connected to the hypothalamus with nervous tissue? |
Posterior pituitary gland |
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What is the role of the hypothalamus in relation to the anterior pituitary gland? |
The hypothalamus controls which hormones the anterior pituitary gland releases by secreting either inhibitory or releasing hormones to the anterior pituitary gland via the network of capillaries that connect them. (Pituitary portal system) |
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Which endocrine gland is known as the master gland? |
The Anterior pituitary gland as it has influence over many other endocrine glands either stimulating or inhibiting the release of other hormones. |
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Which hormone is secreted during pregnancy to encourage the production of breast milk? |
Prolactin, it’s is released from the anterior pituitary which is stimulated by the hypothalamic secretion of prolactin releasing hormones. |
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Name the 3 hormones released by the Thyroid |
- Thyroxine (T4) - Tri-iodothyronine (T3) - Calcitonin |
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What is the function of Calcitonin? |
It works in exact opposition to parathyroid hormone it lowers blood calcium levels by promoting the storage of calcium in the bones and inhibiting the reabsorption of calcium in the kidney tubules. |
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How is Cortisol released into the blood? |
- the hypothalamus secretes corticotrophin releasing hormone (CRH) which promotes the synthesis and release of adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) by the anterior pituitary gland. - ACTH stimulates the growth and activity of the adrenal cortex which increases the secretion of Cortisol from the Zona Fasciculata into the blood stream. |
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Which hormones are released by the posterior pituitary gland? |
- ADH - oxytocin |
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What is ADH also known as? |
Vasopressin |
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True or false lipid based hormones can enter through the membrane of the target cell to carry out its function |
True peptide based hormones are unable to enter the cell and must bind to membrane based cell surface proteins in order to carry out their function |
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What affect do thyroid hormones ( T3 & T4) have on the target tissue? |
They increase the metabolic rate of the cell, regulating metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins and fats, they enhance the effect of other hormones and are essential for normal healthy development and growth. |
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Which hormones are produced in the Adrenal Medulla? |
adrenaline and noradrenaline |
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What is the function of Cortisol? |
- regulation of metabolism (stimulates insulin release and maintains blood sugars) - involvement in inflammatory and immune response - released in response to stress (catabolism of proteins and fats for additional energy under stress) |
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Name the most important mineralocorticoid |
Aldosterone |
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What is the purpose of the RAAS system? |
- Increase blood volume - Increase blood pressure - maintain homeostasis |
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what hormones are released from then Pancreatic Islets of Langerhans? |
a cells = glucagon B cells = insulin D cells = somatostatin |
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What are the functions of insulin? |
- acts as a key to allow glucose into the cells - promoted the storage of glucose and other nutrients by increasing conversion of glucose to glycogen, accelerating uptake of amino acids by cells and the synthesis of proteins, promoting the storage of fat as adipose tissue, decreasing by glycogenolysis and preventing gluconeogenesis. |
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What is t he function of Somatostatin? |
It is an inhibitory hormone affecting the secretion of a wide range of other hormones to maintain negative feedback loops and homeostasis. |
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Which hormone is secreted by the Pineal gland? |
Melatonin |
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What is the function of melatonin? |
It is thought to have some coordination over circadian rhythms, and mood it is thought to have a possible connection to seasonal depressive disorder. |
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Name organs with secondary endocrine functions |
- kidneys (erythropoietin) - heart (atrial natriuretic peptide) - ovaries/ testies (Inhibin) - Thymus (Thymosin) - Placenta (human chorionic gonadotropin) - Gastric mucosa (Gastrin) - intestinal mucosa (secretin & cholecystokinin) - adipose tissue (leptin) |
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Name a local hormone |
- histamine - seratonin |
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Define prostaglandins |
A lipid based substance found in most tissues, they act upon their neighbouring cells and the actions are short lived, eg inflammation response. |
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True or false thyroid hormone travel in the blood bound to a protein |
True they bind to a protein called thyroglobulin |
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Name the 3 zones of the adrenal cortex |
- zona glomerulosa (mineralocorticoids) - zona fascialata (glucocorticoids) - zona reticularis (androgens) |