Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
24 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
2- List the functions of the skeletal system.
|
Support, storage of minerals and lipids, blood cell production, protection, leverage.
|
|
4- Bones are classified according to their __________.
|
Bone shapes, markings, structure
|
|
16- What are the two types of bone tissue?
|
Compact (dense) & Spongy (cancellous)
|
|
17- Which type is relatively solid and located on the surface of the bone?
|
Compact (dense)
|
|
18- Which type is an open network of struts and plates and is the interior of the bone?
|
Spongy (cancellous)
|
|
23- Which type of marrow has mainly fat cells?
|
yellow
|
|
24- What is the purpose of yellow marrow and where is it found?
|
lipid storage, medullary cavities of the long bones
|
|
25- Describe red bone marrow.
|
mature/immature red and white blood cells, and stem cells; blood cell formation; present in ribs, vertebrae, sternum and bones of the pelvis, and ends of the humerus and femur
|
|
30- What does the matrix of bone consist of? What is this a product of?
|
crystals of hydroxyapatite - product of calcium phosphate and calcium hydroxide interaction.
|
|
31- What characteristics does calcium phosphate contribute to the matrix?
|
a. accounts for 66% of the weight of bone
b. hard c. relatively inflexible d. brittle e. can withstand compression f. shatter when exposed to bending, twisting, or sudden impacts |
|
32- What characteristics does collagen fibers contribute?
|
a. accounts for 33% of the weight of bone
b. strong c. flexible d. tolerate twisting and bending e. bend when compressed |
|
33- What are the 4 types of cells in bone? What are each responsible for?
|
-Osteoprogenitor cells - produce daughter cells that differentiate into osteoblasts/important in fracture repair
-Osteoblasts (bone-forming cells) - produce new bone matrix through osteogenesis/synthesize and release proteins and organic compounds that will become the bone matrix -Osteocytes (Bone cells) - Recycle the calcium salts in the matrix by secreting chemicals that dissolve the adjacent matrix and stimulate deposition of new crystals & Participate in repair of damage bone; can convert into osteoblasts or osteoprogenitor cell -Osteoclasts- cause resorption of bone through osteolysis (by secretion of enzymes that digest the protein matrix of the bone and release the minerals) |
|
35- How does the structure of spongy bone differ from that of compact bone?
|
Spongy has no osteons, blood vessels, and is lighter that compact bone.
|
|
40- What is ossification?
|
the process of converting other tissues to bone
|
|
41- What is calcification?
|
the process of depositing calcium salts within a tissue.
|
|
42- What are the two forms of ossification? Describe each and list the steps.
|
Intramembranous ossification – bone develops from mesenchyme or fibrous connective tissue.
Endochondral ossification – bone replaces existing cartilage |
|
45- what is remodeling and what does it involve?
|
-The organic and mineral components of bone are continuously recycled and renewed through the process of remodeling.
-the old matrix is removed and new matrix is added. |
|
56- How much of the calcium in the body is found in the skeleton?
|
roughly 99 percent
|
|
57- What mechanisms controls calcium homeostasis?
|
Interactions among the bones, intestinal tract, and kidneys affect calcium ion concentrations.
- negative feedback system |
|
58- What two hormones regulate calcium ion homeostasis?
|
calcitonin and parathyroid hormone (PTH)
|
|
59- How do they each function?
|
ParaThyroid Tears down bone to add calcium to blood.
calcitonin -causing calcium to be deposited into bone and increasing the rate of calcium excretion at the kidney. |
|
63- List the steps of fracture repair.
|
1- +formation of a fracture hematoma – closes off injured blood vessels and leaves a fibrous meshwork in the damaged area
+lack of circulation kills osteocytes, dead bone extends along the shaft 2-endosteum and periosteum go through mitosis and produce cells that move to the fractured area +form an external callus +form an internal callus +cells at the ends of both calluses build a bridge between bone fragments on each side of the fracture 3- central cartilage of the external callus is replaced with spongy bone +external and internal callus form a widespread and continuous brace at the fracture site 4-Remodeling of bone for 4 –12+ months |
|
65- How does aging affect the skeletal system?
|
Bones become thinner and relatively weaker.
osteopenia osteoporosis Osteoclast-activating factor |
|
65a - What is osteopenia?
|
inadequate ossification
|