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237 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
A cut along the median plane; cuts the body into left and right.
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Saggital
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A cut along the frontal section; cuts the body into anterior and posterior sections.
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Coronal
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A cut through the middle of the body; cuts body into superior and inferior portions.
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Transverse
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This body cavity includes the cranial and spinal cavities.
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Dorsal cavity
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This body cavity includes the orbits and the nasal, oral, thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities.
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Ventral cavity
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Study of tissues
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Histology
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Group of cells that act together to perform specific functions
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Tissue
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What are the four fundamental tissues of the body?
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Epithelial
Connective Muscle Nerve |
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Type of tissue that covers, lines and protects the body and its internal organs
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Epithelial tissue
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Type of tissue that is the framework of the body, providing support and structure for the organs
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Connective tissue
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Type of tissue that is composed of neurons and connective tissue cells that are called neuralgia.
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Nerve tissue
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Type of tissue that has the ability to contract and shorten; it is classified as voluntary or involuntary.
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Muscle tissue
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Type muscle tissue that is voluntary
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skeletal muscle tissue
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Type of muscle tissue that is involuntary (2 types)
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smooth muscle and cardiac muscle
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Basic unit of life; building block of tissues and organs
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Cell
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_______ include enzymes that regulate all chemical reactions in the body.
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Proteins
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Where does meiosis take place?
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In the gonads
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Mucous, serous, synovial and cutaneous are membranes composed mainly of _____________ tissue.
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epithelial
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What is replaced by bone during embryonic development?
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Cartilage
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__________ is mainly found in joints, thorax and various rigid tubules.
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Cartilage
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What is the largest organ of the body?
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Skin
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Layer of skin that rests on the subcu. tissue that connects the skin to superficial muscles.
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Dermis
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Name the layers of the epidermis from the outer layer to the inner layer
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Stratum Corneum
Stratum Lucidum Stratum Granulosum Stratum Germinativum |
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What is the layer of epidermis where mitosis occurs
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Stratum Germinativum
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What is the protein pigment that protects against the sun's radiation?
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Melanin
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What is the layer of skin composed of fibrous connective tissue with blood vessels, sensory nerve endings, hair follicles and glands?
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Dermis
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What are the two types of sweat glands?
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Eccrine
Apocrine |
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Which type of sweat gland regulates body temperature by releasing a watery secretion that evaporates from the surface of the skin?
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Eccrine
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Which type of sweat gland is mainly found in the groin and armpit areas and contains a bit of cytoplasm in the secretion?
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Apocrine
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The ________ ________ skeleton is made up of the pelvic girdle (os coxae) and the lower extremities.
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Lower appendicular
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List the bones of the os coxae (pelvic girdle).
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Ilium, Ischium, and pubis
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Muscle contraction results from the sliding of what TWO filaments within the muscle cell or fiber?
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Actin
Myosin |
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What are myofibrils made up of?
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Sarcomeres
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What must be present for muscles to contract?
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ATP and Calcium
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Muscles that work in coordination with primary movers are called ______.
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Synergists.
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Muscles that reduce the angle at a joint are called what?
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flexors
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Muscles that increase the angle at a joint are called what?
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extensors
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The _____ system is made up of the brain, spinal cord and nerves.
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nervous
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What are the main parts of a neuron?
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cell body, dendrite, axon
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_______ of a neuron transmit impulses toward the body of the cell
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Dendrites
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_______ of a neuron transmits impulses away from the cell body
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Axon
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Name the two parts of the nervous system.
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CNS and PNS
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The division of the nervous system that consists of all the nerves that transmit information to and from the central nervous system is called?
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PNS
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What are the two divisions of the PNS?
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Sensory (afferent) neurons
Motor (efferent) neurons |
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Neurons that transmit nerve impulses towards the CNS are called?
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Sensory (afferent) neurons
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Neurons that carry impulses away from the CNS and toward the effector organs such as muscles, glands, and digestive organs are called?
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Motor (efferent) neurons
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Name the major parts of the brain.
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Cerebrum
Cerebellum Medulla Oblongata |
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Name the part of the brain that is responsible for muscle coordination.
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Cerebellum
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Name the part of the brain that is associated with movement and sensory input.
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Cerebrum
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Name the part of the brain that controls many vital functions such as respiration and heart rate.
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Medulla Oblongata
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How long is the spinal cord?
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18 inches
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The spine extends from the _________ ________ to _________
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foramen magnum
L1 or L2 |
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There are ____ pairs of spinal nerves that exit the spinal cord.
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31
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The reflexes in which nerve impulses travel through the spinal cord only (and don't reach the brain).
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Simple reflexes
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The impulses that enter the dorsal horns of the spinal cord.
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Sensory impulses
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The impulses that leave through the ventral horns of the spinal cord.
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Motor
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The system that assists the nervous system with homeostasis.
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endocrine system
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The system that plays important roles in growth and sexual maturation
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endocrine system
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The gland that governs the pituitary and is controlled by the feedback of hormones in the blood is the _______.
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Hypothalamus
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Chemical messengers that control growth, differentiation, and metabolism of specific target cells.
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hormones
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What are the two major groups of hormones?
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Steroid
Protein |
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The hormones that enter the target cells and have direct effect on DNA of the nucleus are _____.
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steroid hormones
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The hormones that remain at cell surface and act through a second messenger AMP
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protein hormones
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Hormones affect cell activity by altering the rate of ________.
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protein synthesis.
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The cortisol released from the adrenal cortex reduces _____, raises _______, and inhibits the release of ________.
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body temperature
blood sugar level histamine |
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The pituitary gland is also known as the _______________.
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Master gland.
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The pituitary gland is attached to the hypothalamus by the _______.
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infundibulum
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The two major portions of the pituitary gland are:
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Anterior Lobe (adenohypophysis)
Posterior Lobe (neurohypophysis) |
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Hormones of the anterior lobe are:
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GH,TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH, PRL
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Hormones of the posterior lobe are:
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ADH, OT
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In whole blood, there is ______% of formed elements and ______% of plasma.
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45
55 |
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Name the three formed elements of blood.
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platelets
erythrocytes leukocytes |
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How do you distinguish a leukocyte?
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By size, nucleus, staining properties, and the presence or absence of visual cytoplasmic granules.
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True or False: Leukocytes are active in phagocytosis and antibody formation.
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True.
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True or False: Platelets are not active in blood clotting.
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False.
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Blood serves to transport ________ and ________ to body cells and to carry away ____________ and ___________.
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oxygen and nutrients
carbon dioxide and metabolic wastes |
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What is called a double pump organ in the human body?
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Heart
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The heart sends blood to the lungs for _______. It comes back through the pulmonary circuit then through the ________ circuit.
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oxygenation
systemic |
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Blood returning to the heart is received by the _________ _______.
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right atrium.
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After the blood is received by the left atria, it is pumped back into circulation by the ________.
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aorta.
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Name the valve on the right side of the heart.
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Tricuspid
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Name the valve on the left side of the heart.
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Mitral or Bicuspid
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__________ valves are found at the entrances of the pulmonary trunk and aorta.
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Semilunar
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Blood is supplied to the myocardium (heart muscle) by the __________.
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Coronary arteries.
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Blood drains from the myocardium directly into the right atrium through the __________.
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coronary sinus.
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The hearts intrinsic beat is initiated by the _______.
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SA node.
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Device that measures the heart's wave of electrical activity.
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ECG
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The period from the end of one ventricular contraction to the end of the next ventricular contraction
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cardiac cycle
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The phase of atrial contraction
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Atrial systole
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The stage of ventral contraction
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Ventral systole
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The phase of atrial relaxation
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Atrial diastole
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The phase of ventral relaxation
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Ventral Diastole
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___________ carries blood away from the heart.
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Arteries
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_________ carries blood towards the heart.
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Veins
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Microscopic vessels through which exchanges take place between the blood and cells of the body.
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Capillaries
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The smallest arteries are called?
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Arterioles.
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As arteries get further away from the heart, they become _________.
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thinner
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Large veins that empty into the right atrium of the heart
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Superior and inferior vena cava.
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The walls of the _________ are thick and have elasticity and carry blood under high pressure.
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Arteries
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Vasoconstriction and vasodilation influence ________ ________ and blood distribution to the __________.
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blood pressure
tissues |
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Vasoconstriction and vasodilation result from the constriction and relaxation of _____ ______ in the arterial walls.
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smooth muscle
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Walls of _________ are thinner and less elastic, and carries blood under lower pressure than arteries.
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Veins
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Name three mechanisms that help draw venous blood back to the heart.
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pressure of skeletal muscle on veins
expansion of chest during inhalation valves in veins of legs keep blood moving in a forward direction |
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Name all the components of the respiratory system.
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Nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, diaphragm, muscles around the ribs, and alveoli.
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What part of the brain controls respiration?
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medulla
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The exchange of gases between the atmosphere and blood through alveoli is called what?
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external respiration
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The exchange of gases between blood and body cells is called what?
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internal respiration
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The upper respiratory tubules are lined with ________ to keep dirt and debris from entering the lungs.
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Cilia
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The contraction of the diaphragm to enlarge the chest cavity and draw air into the lungs is __________.
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Inhalation
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The process during which the lungs recoil as the respiratory muscles relax and the thorax decreases in size is called ____________.
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Exhalation
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Apocrine glands secretions trap debris and bacteria causing ______.
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Odor.
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Glands that release sebum through the hair follicles that lubricates the skin and prevents drying are ____________ glands.
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sebaceous
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Oil is produced by ______ secretion.
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Holocrine
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Bones are classified by _______.
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shape.
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What kind of bone has an irregular epiphysis at each end, is composed mainly of spongy bone, and a shaft (diaphysis) composed of compact bone?
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Long bone.
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Cells that form compact bone are called __________.
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Osteoblasts
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The axial skeleton consists of _____ bones of the skull.
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28
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There are _______ _______ and ______ ______ in the categorized axial skeleton.
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14 facial
14 cranium |
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List the 14 facial bones of the axial skeleton.
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2 nasal, 2 maxillary, 2 zygomatic, 1 mandibular, 2 palatine, 1 vomer, 2 lacrimal, 2 inferior nasal conchae.
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List the 14 cranial bones of the axial skeleton.
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occipital, frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, 2 parietal, 2 temporal, and the ossicles of each ear (mallus, incus, stapes)
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The axial skeleton also holds ___ bones of the vertebral column.
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33
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How many cervical vertebrae are there in the human body?
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7
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How many thoracic vertebrae are there in the human body?
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12
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How many lumbar vertebrae are there in the human body?
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5
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How many sacral vertebrae are there in the human body?
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5
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What is another name for the tailbone?
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Coccygeal bone
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The part of the skeleton that houses girdles and limbs.
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appendicular skeleton
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The pectoral/shoulder girdle, clavicle, scapula, and upper extremity are housed in the _______ ______ skeleton.
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Upper appendicular
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Most of the oxygen carried in the blood is bound to ________ in red blood cells.
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hemoglobin
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regulator of blood pH
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carbon dioxide
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Name the accessory organs of the digestive system.
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salivary glands
liver gallbladder pancreas |
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Name the parts of the alimentary canal
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mouth, pharynx, esophagus,
stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum and anus |
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mechanical process of breaking down food with teeth and tongue
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mastication
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substance that lubricates and dilutes chewed food.
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saliva
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enzyme in saliva that starts the digestive process of complex carbs.
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amylase
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A ball of food
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bolus
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narrow tube leading from the pharynx to the stomach
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esophagus
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Name the four main layers of the digestive tract (inner to outer).
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mucous membrane
submucous layer muscular layer serous layer |
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After food enters the stomach, gastric glands secrete _______ ____ that breaks down food.
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hydrochloric acid
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The stomach churns and mixes the bolus, turning it into a soupy substance called _________.
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chyme
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The stomach regulates the movement of food into the ________ ________.
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small intestine
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Where does digestion and absorption of food occur?
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small intestine
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Digestion in the small intestine is acted on by enzymes from _______ and ________ and by bile from the ______.
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small intestine and pancreas
liver |
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The _____ contributes water to dilute chyme and bicarbonate ions to neutralize the acid from the stomach.
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pancreas
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Name the regions of the small intestine
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duodenum, jejunum, ileum
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Nutrients are absorbed through the wall of the ______________.
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small intestine.
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The amino acids and simple sugars derived from proteins and the carbohydrates are absorbed directly into the _______.
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blood
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Most fats are absorbed into the lymph by the ________.
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lacteals
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After fats are absorbed and added to the bloodstream, all nutrients enter the ________ _______ _______ to be routed to the _______ for decontamination.
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hepatic portal vein
liver |
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Small finger like projections that greatly increase surface area of the intestinal wall.
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villi
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Digestive organ that reabsorbs water as well as stores and eliminates undigested food
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large intestine
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abundant bacteria of the large intestine
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intestinal flora
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Name the parts of the large intestine
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ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, anus, cecum and appendix
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The opening for defecation is called the ______.
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Anus
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Name the parts of the urinary system.
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2 kidneys, 2 ureters, urinary bladder and urethra.
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The tubes that transport urine to the urinary bladder
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ureters
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The place where urine is stored in a human body
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urinary bladder
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How urine exits the body
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urethra
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Functional units of the kidneys
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nephrons
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Nephrons are small coiled tubules that filter waste material out of the blood brought to the kidney by the _______.
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renal artery.
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The filtration process occurs through the _______ in the Bowman's capsule of the nephron.
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glomerulus
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Filtration of the blood occurs under the force of _______ _________.
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blood pressure
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As the glomerular filtrate passes through the nephron, components needed by the body leave the nephron by ______ and re-enter the blood.
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diffusion
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Water is reabsorbed at the _______ of the nephron.
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tubules.
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What is the final product of the nephrons?
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Urine
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Two functions of the reproductive system are the production of ______ and the production of _______.
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gametes
hormones |
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Functions of the sex organs are under control by the ______ hormones.
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tropic
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Reproductive activity is _______ in women and _______ in men.
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cyclic
continuous |
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Where do spermatozoa develop?
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seminiferous tubules of testes
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The interstitial cells between the seminiferous tubules produce __________.
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testosterone.
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Hormone that influences sperm cell development, produces body hair and deep voice is called?
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testosterone
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Where are sperm stored
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Epididymis
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Pathway for sperm during ejaculation
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vas deferens, ejaculatory duct, urethra.
|
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Glands that produce semen
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seminal vesicles, prostate gland, Cowpers gland
|
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Hormones that control testicular activity
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FSH and LH
|
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Hormone that stimulates sperm production
|
FSH
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Hormone that stimulates interstitial cells to produce testosterone
|
LH
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_________ produced by the follicle initiates the preparation of the endometrium of the uterus for pregnancy.
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Estrogen
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At day ___ of the cycle, LH is released from the _______ gland, which stimulates ovulation and the coversion of the follicle to the ________ ________.
|
14
pituitary corpus luteum |
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What hormone is secreted by the corpus luteum
|
Progesterone
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After ovulation, the egg is swept into the _________ ____________.
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fallopian tube
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If fertilization occurs, it occurs while the egg is in the ________.
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oviduct
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A fertilized egg is also known as a _______.
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zygote
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In the uterus, the developing embryo is nourished by the ________, which is formed by materials and embryonic tissues.
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placenta
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Cavity composed of the abdomen and pelvis.
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abdominopelvic cavity.
|
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movement of nutrients from the digestive tube into the bloodstream
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absorption
|
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Protein that makes up the I band of the sarcomere.
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actin
|
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Building blocks of proteins
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amino acids
|
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special proteins that protect the body from foreign substances
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antibody
|
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Adenosine triphosphate (the energy of the cell)
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ATP
|
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Upper chambers of the heart
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Atria
|
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Product of the liver that emulsifies fat.
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bile
|
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Tissue made up of cells and fibers that connect and support
|
cartilage
|
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gland of the ear that produces earwax
|
ceruminous gland
|
|
bodies within the nucleus made of DNA and proteins called histones.
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chromosomes
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nervous system made up of the brain and spinal cord
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CNS
|
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Domed shaped breathing muscle that separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities
|
Diaphragm
|
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Movement of materials from high concentration to lower concentration
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diffusion
|
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Crescent shaped projection of gray matter within the spinal cord where sensory neurons enter the spinal cord.
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dorsal horn
|
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prenatal development time between zygote and fetus stages
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embryo
|
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inner lining of the uterus
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endometrium
|
|
function protein, names usually end in -ase
|
enzymes
|
|
simple sugars found in certain foods, especially fruits
|
glucose
|
|
physiologic steady state that is naturally maintained by the body
|
homeostasis
|
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portion of the brain that regulates body temperature, sleep, and appetite.
|
hypothalamus
|
|
articulates between adjoining bones
|
joints
|
|
Tough, fibrous, insoluble protein forming the primary component of skin, hair, nails and tooth enamel
|
keratin
|
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dead cells of the epidermis
|
keratinized epithelium
|
|
found within the villi of the intestinal wall, where fat nutrients are absorbed
|
lacteal vessel
|
|
tissue connecting bone to bone
|
ligaments
|
|
Imaginary line dividing the body into left and right portions
|
Median plane
|
|
space within the thoracic cavity that houses all the organs of the chest except the lungs
|
mediastinum
|
|
thin sheets of tissue cells that line the body openings or canals that open to the outside of the body.
|
mucous membrane
|
|
protein that makes up nearly half of the proteins in muscle cells
|
myosin
|
|
mouth, a.k.a. buccal cavity
|
oral cavity
|
|
cavities surrounding the eyes
|
orbits
|
|
structurally discrete component of a cell that performs a specific function
|
organelle
|
|
measurement associated with acids and bases
|
pH
|
|
engulfing of materials by certain cells of the body
|
phagocytosis
|
|
liquid portion of the blood
|
plasma
|
|
blood flow through a network of vessels between the heart and the lungs for the oxygenation of blood and removal of carbon dioxide.
|
pulmonary circulation
|
|
organelle of the cell where protein synthesis takes place
|
ribosome
|
|
Imaginary line running from the front to back that divides the body into left and right sections
|
saggital plane
|
|
organelle of the muscle fiber that stores calcium
|
sarcoplasmic reticulum
|
|
What is the layer of tissue under the dermis that contains adipose tissue?
|
Subcutaneous tissue
|
|
Sweat glands are also known as what?
|
sudiferous glands
|
|
General blood circulation to the body, excluding the lungs.
|
systemic circulation
|
|
Another name for chest cavity.
|
Thoracic cavity
|
|
imaginary line that divides the body into top and bottom portions
|
transverse plane
|
|
narrowing of the diameter of a blood vessel
|
vasoconstriction
|
|
widening of the diameter of a blood vessel
|
vasodilation
|
|
serous membrane surrounding the heart
|
pericardium
|
|
actively mitotic layer of the epidermis
|
stratum germinativum
|
|
What is the total number of phalanges on a normal human body?
|
56
|
|
The flexor carpi ulnaris is located where?
|
In the wrist.
|
|
The largest gland in the human body
|
Liver
|
|
The largest internal organ in the body
|
Liver
|