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74 Cards in this Set
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Great Depression
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international economic crisis following WWI; began with collapse of American stock market in 1929; actual causes included collapse of agricultural prices in the 1920s; included collapse of banking houses in the US and western Europe, massive unemployment; contradicted optimistic assumptions of 19th century
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Socialism in one country
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Joseph Stalin's concept of Russian communism, based solely on the Soviet Union rather than the Leninist concept of internal revolution; by cutting off the Soviet Union from other economies, the USSR avoided worst consequences of the Great Depression
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Popular Front
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combination of socialist and communist political parties in France; won election in 1936; unable to take strong measures of social reform because of continuing strength of conservatives; fell from power in 1938
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The New Deal
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-in the US, the gov. offered direct aid to Americans in economic trouble in the form of the New Deal
-the social security system, government economic intervention and agricultural planning, and banking regulations were all attempts to recover from the depression -most importantly for the Americans, restored confidence in the economy and in the gov. -established a path for future govs, between the ineffectiveness of the English and French and extremism of the Italians, Germans, and Spanish |
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Totalitarian state
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-a new kind of gov. in the 20th century that exercised massive, direct control over virtually all the activities of its subjects; existed in Germany, Italy, and Soviet Union; Hitler created a state replete with a secret police, purges of the opposition, strident nationalism, and an incessant attack on Germany;s large Jewish minority
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Gestapo
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secret police in Nazi Germany, known for brutal tactics
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Anschluss
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Hitler's union of Germany with the German-speaking population of Austria; took places in 1938, despite complaints of other European nations
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Appeasement
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policy of Neville Chamberlain, British Prime minister who hoped to preserve peace in the face of German aggression, particularly applied to Munich Conference agreement; failed when Hitler invaded Poland in 1939
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Spanish Civil War
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was fought between those favoring a parliamentary republic and those who wanted Fascism from 1936 to 1939; Germany and Italy supported the royalists or fascists; the Soviet Union supported the republicans, with help from Germany and Italy and with only verbal opposition from France, Britain,, and the US., the Fascists won
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Import substitution industrialization
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typical of Latin American economies; domestic population of goods during the 20th century that had previously been imported; led to light industrialization
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syndicalism
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economic and political system based on the organization of labor; imported in Latin America from European political movements; militant force in Latin American politics
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Tragic Week
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occured in Argentina in 1919; government response to general strike of labor forces led to brutal repression under guise of nationalism
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Corporatism
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political ideology with its roots in Fascism that emphasized the organic nature of society and made the state a mediator, adjusting the interests of different social groups; appealed to conservative groups of European and Latin American societies and to the military
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Lazaro Cardenas (1934- 1940)
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president of Mexico who was responsible for redistribution of land, primarily to create ejidos, or communal farms; also began a program of primary and rural education
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Getulio Vargas (1872- 1954)
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elected President of Brazil in 1929; launched centralized political program by imposing federal administrators over state govs,; held off coups by communists in 1935 and fascists in 1937; established a corporatist regime in Brazil modeled on Mussolini's Italy, but he backed the Allies in WWII; leaned to communists after 1949; after he committed suicide in 1954, Brazil began to struggle
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Juan D. Peron
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emerged as the leader of a military-style government in Argentina and forged an alliance with workers and industrialists at the expense of civil liberties
-His program was couched in nationalistic terms, taking control of foreign- owned railroad and oil resources, but Argentina's economy faltered anyway -He was exiled but returned briefly to power in the 1970s -After his death, the military took control again |
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Five- year plans
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-Stalin's plans to hasten industrialization of USSR; constructed massive factories in metallurgy, mining, and electric power; led to massive state- planned industrialization at cost of availability of consumer products
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Socialist Realism
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attempt of Joseph Stalin with the USSR to relate formal culture to the masses in order to avoid the adoption of western European cultural forms; fundamental method of Soviet fiction, art, and literary criticism
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Politburo
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executive committee of the Soviet Communist party (20 members) who sycophantically followed Stalin's lead
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National Socialist Party (Nazi)
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-led by Adolf Hitler in Germany; picked up political support during the economic chaos of the Great Depression; advocated authoritarian state under a single leader, aggressive foreign policy to reverse humiliation of the Versailles treaty; took power in Germany in 1933
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Blitzkrieg
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German term for lighting warfare; involved rapid movement of troops, tanks, and mechanized carriers; resulted in early German victories over Belgium, Holland, and France in WWII.
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Winston Churchhill
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British prime minister during WWII; responsible for British resistance to German air assaults
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Battle of Britain
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the 1940 Nazi air offensive including saturation bombing of London and other British cities, countered by British innovative air tactics and radar tracking of German assault aircraft
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Holocaust
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term for Hitler's attempted genocide of European Jews during WWII; resulted in deaths of 6 million Jews
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Battle of the Bulge
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Hitler's last ditch effort to repel the invading Allied armies in the winter of 1944-45
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Pearl Harbor
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American naval base in Hawaii; attack by Japanese on this facility in December 1941 crippled American fleet in the Pacific and caused entry of US into WWII
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Battle of the Coral Sea
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-World War II Pacific battle; US and Japanese forces fought to a standoff
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Midway Island
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the WWII Pacific battle; decisive US victory over powerful Japanese carrier force
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United Nations (*when was it formed?)
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formed in the aftermath of WWII; included all of the victorious Allies
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Tehran Conference
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meeting among leaders of the US, Britain, and the Soviet Union in 1943; agreed to the opening of a new front in France
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Yalta Conference
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meeting among leaders of the US, Britain, and the Soviet Union in 1945; agreed to Soviet entry into the Pacific War in return for possessions in Manchuria, organization of the United Nations; disputed the division of political organization in the eastern European states to be reestablished after the war
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Postdam
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meeting among leaders of the US, Britain, and the Soviet union just before the end of WWII in 1945; Allies agreed upon Soviet domination in eastern Europe;Germany and Austria to be divided among victorious allies
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Atlantic Charter of 1941
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WWII alliance agreement between the US and Britain; included a clause that recognized the right of all people to choose the form of government under which they live; indicated sympathy for decolonization
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Quit India Movement
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mass civil disobedience campaign that began in the summer of 1942 to end British control of India
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Muslim League
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founded in 1906 to better support demands of Muslims for separate electrorates and legislative seats in Hindu- dominated India; represented division within India nationalist movement
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Muhammad Ali Jinnah
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Muslim nationalist in India; originally a member of the National Congress Party; became leader of Muslim League; traded Muslim support for British during WWII for promises of a separate Muslim state after the war; first president of Pakistan
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Convention Peoples' Party
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political party established by Kwame Nkrumah in opposition to British control of colonial legislature in Gold Coast
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Jomo Kenyatta
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leader of the nonviolent nationalist party in Kenya; organized the Kenya African Union; failed to win concessions because of resistance of white settlers; came to power only after suppression of the Land Freedom Army, or Mau Mau
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Kenya African Union
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leading nationalist party in Kenya; adopted nonviolent approach to ending British control in the 1950s
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Land Freedom Army
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radical organization for independence in Kenya; frustrated by failure of nonviolent means, initiated the campaign of terror in 1952; referred to British as the Mau Mau
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National Liberation Front
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radical nationalist in Algeria; launched sustained guerilla war against France in the 1950s; success of attacks led to independence of Algeria in 1958
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Secret Army Organization
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organization of French settlers in Algeria- led to guerilla war following independence during the 1960s; assaults directed against Arabs, Berbers, and French who advocated independence
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Afrikaner Nationalist Party
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emerged as the majority party in the all- white South African legislature after 1948; advocated complete independence from Britain; favored a rigid system of racial segregation called apartheid
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Apartheid
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policy of strict racial segregation imposed in South Africa to permit the continued dominance of whites politically and economically
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Haganah
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Zionist military force engaged in violent resistance to British presence in Palestine in the 1940s
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Kellogg Briand Pact
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a treaty coauthored by American and French leaders in 1928; in principle outlawed war forever; ratified subsequently by other nations
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cubist movement
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20th century art style; best represented by Spanish artist Pablo Picasso; rendered familiar objects as geometrical shapes
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Benito Mussolini
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Italian fascist leader after WWI; created first fascist government based on aggressive foreign policy and new nationalist glories
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Fascism
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political philosophy that became predominant in Italy and then Germany during the 1920s and 1930s; attacked weakness of democracy, corruption of capitalism; promised vigorous foreign and military programs; undertook state control of economy to reduce social friction
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Porifirio Diaz
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one of Juarez' generals; elected president of Mexico in 1876; dominated Mexican politics for 35 years; imposed strong central government
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Francisco Madero
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moderate democratic reformer in Mexico; proposed moderate reforms in 1910; arrested by Porfirio Diaz; initiated revolution against Diaz when released from prison; temporarily gained power, but removed and assassinated in 1913
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Pancho Villa
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Mexican revolutionary and military commander in northern Mexico during the Mexican Revolution; succeeded along with Emiliano Zapata in removing Diaz from power; also participated in campaigns that removed Madero and Huerta
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Emiliano Zapata
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Mexican revolutionary and military commander of peasant guerilla movement after 1910 centered in Morelos; succeeded along with Pancho Villa in removing Diaz from power; also participated in campaigns that removed Madero and Huerta; demanded sweeping land reform
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Victoriano Huerta
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attempted to reestablish centralized dictatorship in Mexico following the removal of Madero in 1913; forced from power in 1914 by Villa and Zapata
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Alvaro Obregon
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emerged as a leader of the Mexican governement in 1915; elected president in 1920
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Mexican Constitution of 1917
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promised land reform, limited foreign ownership of key resources, guaranteed the rights of workers, and placed restrictions on clerical education; marked formal end of Mexican Revolution
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Diego Rivera
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Mexican artist of the period after the Mexican Revolution; famous for murals painted on walls of public buildings; mixed romantic images of the Indian past with Christian symbols and Marxist ideology
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Jose Clemente Orozco
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Mexican muralist of the period after the Mexican Revolution; like Rivera's, his work featured romantic images of the Indian past with Christian symbols and Marxist ideology
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Cristeros
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conservative peasant movement in Mexico during the 1920s; most active in central Mexico; attempted to halt slide toward secularism; movement resulted in armed violence
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Red Army
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military organization constructed under leadership of Leon Trotsy, Bolshevik follower of Lenin; made use of people of humble background
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New Economic Policy
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initiated by Lenin in 1921; state continued to set basic economic policies, but efforts were now combined with individual initiative; policy allowed food production to recover
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Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
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federal system of socialist republics established in 1923 in various ethnic regions of Russia; firmly controlled by Communist party; diminished nationalities protest under Bolsheviks; dissolved 1991
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Supreme Soviet
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parliament of Union of Soviet Socialist Republics; elected by universal suffrage; actually controlled by Communist party; served to ratify party decisions
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Stalin
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successor to Lenin as head of the USSR; strongly nationalist view of communism; represented anti- Western strain of Russian tradition; crushed opposition to his rule; established series of five year plans to replace New Economic Policy; fostered agricultural collectivization; led USSR through WWII; furthered cold war with western Europe and the US; died in 1953
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Comintern
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international office of communism under USSR dominance established to encourage the formation of Communist parties in Europe and elsewhere
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collectivization
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creation of large, state-run farms rather than individual holdings; allowed more efficient control over peasants, though often lowered food production; part of Stalin's economic political planning; often adopted in other communist regimes
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Yuan Shikai
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warlord in northern China after fall of Qing dynasty; hoped to seize imperial throne; president of China after 1912; resigned in the face of Japanese invasion in 1916
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May Fourth Movement
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resistance to Japanese encroachments in China began on this date in 1919; spawned movement of intellectuals aimed at transforming China into a liberal democracy; rejected Confucianism
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Li Dazhao
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Chinese intellectual who gave serious attention to Marxist philosophy;headed study circle at the University of Beijing; saw peasants as vanguard of revolutionary communism in China
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Mao Zedong
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communist leader in revolutionary China; advocated rural reform and role of peasantry in Nationalist revolution; influenced by Li Dazhao; led Communist reaction against Guomindang purges in 1920s, culminating in Long March of 1934; seized control of all of mainland China by 1949; initiated Great Leap Forward in 1958
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Guomindang
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Chinese Nationalist party founded by Sun Yat- sen in 1919; drew support from local warlords and Chinese criminal underworld; initially forged alliance with Communists in 1924; dominated by Chiang Kai- shek after 1925
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Whampoa Military Academy
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founded in 1924; military wing of the Guomindang; first head of the academy was Chiang Kai- shek
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Chiang Kaishek
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a military officer who succeeded Sun Yat-sen as the leader of the Guomindang or Nationalist party in China in the mid 1920s; became the most powerful leader in China in the early 1930s, but his Nationalist forces were defeated and driven from China by the Communists after WWII
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Long March
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Communist escape from Hunan province during civil war with Guomindang in 1934; center of Communist power moved to Shaanxi province; firmly established Mao Zedong as head of the Communist party in China
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