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63 Cards in this Set
- Front
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Cardinal Mazarin
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His regency was marred by two abortive noble revolts called the Fronde
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the Thirty Years' War
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The "last religious war" between Protestants and Catholics, that took place from 1618-1648. Mostly fought with mercenary armies, devastated the German population.
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Gustavus Adolphus
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A Lutheran king and a military genius; responsible for reviving Sweden as a great baltic power.
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Peace of Westphalia (1648)
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This peace treaty ended the Thirty Years' War in 1648 and established the right of German princes to choose their religion, as well as granting the 300+ states of the Holy Roman Empire virtual independence.
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conscription
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A compulsory military draft, it became increasingly necessary in the 17th & 18th century.
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standing armies
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A military force that exists in times of peace as well as times of war; it was expensive to maintain, but allowed for more highly trained and loyal soldiers.
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absolutism
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A type of government where ultimate authority in the state rested in the hands of a monarch who typically claimed to rule by divine right and was thus unanswerable to God alone.
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Bishop Jacques Bossuet
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His "Politics Drawn from the Very Worlds of Holy Scripture" is the key theoretical work on divine right monarchy
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"divine right" theory
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A theory that stated God established kings to reign over people.
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Cardinal Richelieu
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A chief minister of Louis XIII strengthened the power of the monarchy in France by eliminating the political rights of Huguenots, suppressing potential conspiracies by nobles through and extensive network of spies, and developed the intendant system to execute the orders of the central government.
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intendants
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Royal officials who were sent out to execute the orders of the central government.
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the Fronde
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Revolts from the nobility who sought to overthrow Mazarin due to political instability; as a result, the French concluded stability in the crown.
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Louis XIV
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"Sun King"; Longest reigning French man who created the greatest palace (Versailles), he weakened the power of the nobility and sold positions of nobility. Ultimately left France in debt after-death due to excess warring.
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Edict of Fontainebleau
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An edict that revoked the last provisions of the Edict of Nantes; made more than 200,000 Huguenots flee as a result, many of them from the educated and middle (merchant) class.
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Versailles
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The magnificent palace of Louis XIV that was built between 1669-1685, and became the envy of other European monarchs
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Jean-Baptiste Colbert
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The chief minister of Louis XIV who attempted to strengthen the power of the state through mercantilism economic policies.
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Louis XIV's wars
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Expensive wars which left the French in huge amounts of debt.
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Peace of Utrecht
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A peace treaty which ended the War of Spanish Succession; it left England the dominant power in Europe and guaranteed that the French and Spanish monarchies would never be united.
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Brandenburg-Prussia
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A German monarchy ruled by the Hohenzollern family.
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Frederick William
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The "Great Elector of Brandenburg" who laid the foundations for a strong Prussian state by developing a small, but very strong army, and by working with the Junkers
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the Hohenzollerns
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The dynastic family which ruled Brandenburg-Prussia
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Treaty of Karlowitz
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The treaty which marked the decline of the Ottoman empire; made Habsburg the dominant power of Central Europe
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the Romanovs
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The "Time of Troubles" ended in Russia with the apointment of the first ___ monarch; this dynastic family ruled Russia until 1917
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Russian serfdom
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The feudal dependency on peasants.
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Peter the Great
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A Russian tsar who sought to expand the Russian army and navy's power through use of European technology; wished to westernize Russia with European technology.
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Saint Petersburg
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The Russian "Window to the West"
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Great Northern War
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A war between the Russian and Swedes that was started by the Russians. Caused due to the Russians seeking supremacy of the Baltic Sea; resulted in Swedish loss.
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Poland's Sejm
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The Polish diet, this group elected the monarchs of Poland, and constantly worked to ensure that a strong monarchy never occurred
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Amsterdam
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The commercial capital of the Europe in the 17th century
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James I
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Follower of Elizabeth as monarch of England, and a believer in the Divine Right Theory of Monarchy, and ordered a new English translation of the bible
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Petition of Right
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Signed by Charles I in 1628, it stated the monarch could not collect taxes without Parliament's consent and established the right of Habeas Corpus
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Puritans
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Protestants who believed the Reformation in England did not go far enough and wished to "purify" and Catholic vestiges in the Anglican churches
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Short and Long Parliaments
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Parliaments called by Charles I where Charles attempted to levy tensions caused by the imposing of Ship Money and additional taxes
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English Civil War
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A war caused due to Charles I's extreme taxes; Charles I was beheaded as a result of this war by the citizens.
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Oliver Cromwell
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The leader of the New World Army and later Lord Protector of England
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Levellers
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These English radicals who championed ideas such as freedom of religion, freedom of speech, and a democratic republic.
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the Commonwealth
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The "republican" government established in England by Cromwell from 1649-1653
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the Restoration
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The period of time when the monarchy of England was restored under Charles II
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James II
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The last Catholic monarch of England, he was deposed of his position due to the Glorious Revolution
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Glorious Revolution
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A "bloodless" revolution of 1688 which made William of Orange and Mary the New English monarchs, but not before they signed the English Bill of Rights
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William of Orange
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The "champion" of the Protestants who warred against Louis XIV; ruled along with a female who was also a Stuart
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Thomas Hobbes
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Author of Leviathan, which argued that life in the state of nature was "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short" and that to avoid "the war of every man against ever man", a ruler must be vested with the absolute power over his subjects
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John Locke
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Created the Second Treatise on Government; Stressed inalienable rights, and the right and duty of revolution by "the people" if the covenant between the government and the people were broken
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the English Bill of Rights
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Gave English citizens the right to bear arms in defense and the right to petition the monarch
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Mannerism
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A 16th century artistic movement that deliberately broke down the High Renaissance principles of balance, harmony, and moderation
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El Greco
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A painter of the Spanish Renaissance era who used the styles of Mannerism;best known for tortuously elongated figures
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Bernini and Gentileschi
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Sculptor and artist of the Spanish Renaissance; both used Mannerism in their art
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Baroque
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A 17th century artistic movement that used dramatic effects to arouse the emotions and reflected the search for power that was a large part of the 17th century ethos
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French Classicism
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An adherence to certain rules of proportion and sobriety uncharacteristic of the Baroque
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Rembrandt van Rijn
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Dutch master who painted masterpieces, known as the greatest Protestant painter of the 17th century
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William Shakespeare
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An English poet and playwright who is widely known as the greatest writer in the English language, England's national poet
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Lope de Vega
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Spanish playwright often referred to as "the Spanish Shakespeare" who wrote over 1500 plays during his lifetime
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Racine
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The author of Phedre who imitated the writings of Greek tragedians like Euripedes
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Moliere
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A French playwright and actor who is considered one of the greatest masters of comedy in Western literature; author of Tartuffe
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Parliament
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The English representative body that is composed of the House of Lords and the House of Commons
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Triennial Act
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The act that declared Parliament to meet at least once every 3 years with or without the monarch's consent
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Ship Money
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A tax on English seacost towns intended for their defense; Charles I angered many by collecting it throughout England
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Boyars
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Term for the Russian nobility
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Junkers
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Term for Prussian landed-aristocrats, they came to dominate the General War Commissariat
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Whigs
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A politcal party who excluded James II and his heirs from the English throne; motto was "life, liberty, property"
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Ivan IV
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The "Terrible" tsar who expanded the Russian state eastward, and crushed the power of the Russian nobility
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Tories
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Political party who believed Parliament should not tamper with the lawful succession of the English monarchy; they stood for "king, church, and the land"
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Stuart family
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The Scottish family who took over England after Elizabeth I left the throne with no heir.
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