Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
83 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Enzymes
|
control chemical reactions in the cell and are found in the cytoplasm and the mitochondria.
|
|
Aerobic respiration
|
Respiration that uses oxygen, as well as glucose and releases energy, carbon dioxide and water.
|
|
Respiration
|
A process in all living organisms involving the production of energy, typically with the intake of oxygen and the release of Carbon Dioxide
|
|
Nucleus
|
Controls the activities of the cell
|
|
Cytoplasm
|
Most chemical reactions take place here
|
|
A cell membrane
|
Controls the passage of substances into and out of the cell
|
|
Mitochondria
|
Where most energy is released in respiration
|
|
Ribosomes
|
Where protein synthesis occurs
|
|
Cell wall
|
Made of cellulose and used to strengthen the cell
|
|
Specialised cells
|
Cells designed for doing particular jobs
|
|
Root hair cells
|
Tiny hair-like extensions that increase the surface area of the cell for absorption
|
|
Ovum (egg cell)
|
Large cell that can carry food reserves for the developing embryo
|
|
Xylem
|
Long, thin, hollow cells used to transport water through the stem and root.
|
|
White blood cells
|
Can change shape in order to engulf and destroy invading pathogens.
|
|
Sperm cells
|
Has a tail, which allows it to move.
|
|
Palisade cells
|
Packed with chloroplasts for photosynthesis
|
|
Red blood cells
|
No nucleus, so packed full of haemoglobin to absorb oxygen
|
|
Nerve cells
|
Long, slender axons that can carry nerve impulses
|
|
Chloroplasts
|
Absorb light energy to make food
|
|
Permanent vacuole
|
Filled with cell sap
|
|
Yeast
|
A single-celled fungus
|
|
In solution
|
Dissolved
|
|
Diffusion
|
a net movement from a region of high concentration to low concentration. Rate depends on difference in concentration.
|
|
Cell differentiation
|
When cells alter to carry out different jobs
|
|
Tissue
|
A group of cells that have a similar structure and function.
|
|
Function of muscle tissue
|
Contracts so we can move
|
|
Function of glandular tissue
|
Produce substances such as enzymes and hormones
|
|
Function of epithelial tissues
|
Cover organs
|
|
Stomach
|
An organ that contains muscle tissue that contracts to churn the contents, glandular tissue to produce digestive juices and epithelial tissue to covert the outside and inside of the stomach.
|
|
Organ systems
|
Groups of organs that carry out a particular function
|
|
Pancreas and salivary glands
|
Produce digestive juices
|
|
Stomach and small intestine
|
Where digestion takes place
|
|
Liver
|
Produces bile to break down fats
|
|
Small intestine
|
Where soluble food is absorbed into the blood
|
|
Large intestine
|
Where water is absorbed from undigested food, producing faeces.
|
|
Plant organs
|
Stem, roots and leaves
|
|
Epidermal tissues
|
Cover the plant
|
|
Mesophyll
|
Where photosynthesis takes place
|
|
Xylem and phloem
|
Transport substances around the plant
|
|
Upper epidermis
|
Thin and flat cells to allow light to pass through
|
|
Palisade cells
|
Contain chlorophyll for photosynthesis, close to top of leaf to absorb light energy.
|
|
Spongy layer (in Mesophyll layer)
|
Has gaps to allow passage of oxygen and carbon dioxide
|
|
Function of glucose produced in photosynthesis
|
Changed into insoluble starch and stored in the stem, leaves or roots.
Used by the plant during respiration to provide energy. |
|
How plants produce proteins
|
They use glucose form phtosynthesis and nitrate ions absorbed from the soil
|
|
Factors affecting photosynthesis
|
Temperature
Carbon Dioxide Concentration Light intensity |
|
Artificial controls
|
Used primarily in greenhouses as a catalyst for photosynthesis
|
|
Two ways to obtain quantitative data on distribution of organisms
|
Random Sampling with Quadrats
Sampling along a transect |
|
Protein molecules
|
Long chains of amino acids folded into a specific 3-D shape
|
|
Things proteins act as
|
Structural components of tissues
Hormones Antibodies Catalysts |
|
Enzymes
|
Biological catalysts made from proteins
|
|
Catalysts
|
Increase the rate of a chemical reaction
|
|
Amylase
|
Produced in salivary glands, pancreas and small intestine.
Digests starch Produces sugars in the mouth and small intestine |
|
Protease
|
Produced in the stomach, pancreas and small intestine
Digests proteins Produces amino acids in the stomach and small intestine |
|
Lipase
|
Produced in the pancreas and small intestine
Digests lipids (fats and oils) Produces fatty acids and glycerol in the small intestine. |
|
Function of bile
|
Neutralise acid added to food in the stomach. This produces alkali conditions in which enzymes in the small intestine work best.
|
|
Word equation for aerobic respiration
|
Glucose + oxygen = carbon dioxide + water + energy
|
|
Word equation for anaerobic respiration
|
Glucose = energy + lactic acid
|
|
Oxygen debt
|
Oxygen needed to oxidise lactic acid into carbon dioxide and water
|
|
Number of chromosomes in body cells
|
Two sets of 23 (or 46)
|
|
Chromosomes
|
A thread like structure of nucleic acids and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells, containing genetic information.
|
|
Gametes
|
Sex cells (female egg and male sperm cells) that contain one set of 23 chromosomes
|
|
Fertilisation
|
Female and male gametes fuse to produce a zygote
|
|
Zygote
|
Single body cell with 23 new pairs of chromosomes
|
|
Mitosis
|
The division of body cells to produce new cells, that contain exactly the same genetic information as the parent cell.
|
|
Meiosis
|
Occurs in the testes and ovaries to produce the gametes for sexual reproduction.
|
|
Chromosome combination in females
|
XX
|
|
Chromosome combination in males
|
XY
|
|
Alleles
|
Different forms or variations of genes.
|
|
Dominant allele
|
Will always control a characteristic.
|
|
Recessive allele
|
Will control a characteristic if present on both chromosomes in a pair
|
|
Monohybrid inheritance
|
When a characteristic is determined by just one pair of alleles.
|
|
Genotype
|
Combination of alleles that an individual has for a particular gene
|
|
Homozygous
|
An individual who carries two copies of the same allele for a particular gene
|
|
Heterozygous
|
An individual who carries two different alleles for a particular gene
|
|
Phenotype
|
Expression of the genotype
|
|
Stem cells
|
Cells that have the ability to develop into any kind of cell because they have not yet differentiated
|
|
DNA molecules
|
Make up chromosomes, consist of two long strands that are coiled to form a double helix.
|
|
Gene
|
Small section of DNA
|
|
Isolation
|
When two populations of a species become separated
|
|
Genetic variation
|
When a population has a wide range of alleles that control their characteristics
|
|
Natural selection
|
Within each population, alleles that control the characteristics that help the organism to survive are selected.
|
|
Speciation
|
When populations become so different that successful interbreeding is no longer possible
|
|
Species
|
Organisms that can breed together successfully
|