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88 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Domestication in the Near East
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Mobile Foragers -->
Sedentism--> Pop./Resource Stress--> Domestication--> Agriculture |
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Querns
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Natufian grinding stones
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Domestication in Mesoamerica
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Mobile Foragers-->
Domestication--> High Corn Yields--> Sedentism/Pop. growth--> Agriculture |
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Natufian Phase (Near East Domestication)
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11000-9000 BCE
Sedentary foragers. Ain Mallaha, Israel Natufian sickles for harvesting grain. |
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Archaic Period (Mesoamerican Domestication)
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8000-1000 BCE
Tehuacan Valley & Valley of Oaxaca |
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Guila Naquitz Cave (Archaic Period)
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8750 - 6650 BCE
Foragers with seasonal camps. Domesticated squash by 8000 BCE Ate rabbit, deer, maguey, mesquite. |
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Tehuacan Valley (Archaic Period)
10000-7000 BCE |
Foragers with seasonal camps.
Domesticated squash. Grinding stones. Domesticates 6% of diet. |
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Tehuacan Valley (Archaic Period)
5000-3400 BCE |
Mobile foragers
Domesticated corn, bean, squash (14% of diet) |
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Tehuacan Valley (Archaic Period)
3400 - 1500 BCE |
Settled village life
domesticates up to 50% diet |
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Differences between Near East and Mesoamerica in Domestication
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Plant Productivity, Plant Genetics, Animal Ecology
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Middle Paleolithic
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South Africa (~160 - 60 kya)
Blombos Cave Carved & Cut Ochre (~160 kya) Klasies River Mouth |
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Middle Paleolithic Stone Tools
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Microliths - tiny shaped flakes (72 kya). Heat treated.
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Upper Paleolithic
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~40- 10 kya
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Upper Paleolithic Tools
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Ivory needles
stone blades & compound tools harpoons, spears, awls Spear-thrower |
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Upper Paleolithic Textiles & art
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Marine shell beads (trading, migration)
Animal figurines 'venus' figurines (28-22 kya) |
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Upper Paleolithic subsistence
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foraging & seasonal mobility
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Dolni Vestonice
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Upper Paleolithic site (25 kya)
crafts, rituals, triple burials, ochre-stained bones |
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Lascaux Caves, France
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17 kya
over 2000 paintings |
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The Cosquer Cave, France
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27-19kya
penguins, jellyfish, seals & mammals painted |
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Peopling of Australia (~40 kya)
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Lake Mungo
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Archaeology
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The scientific study of past peoples & cultures from the deepest prehistory to the recent past through the analysis of material remains
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Richard Hansen
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Studied El Mirador
Ancient Guatamalan Mayan city |
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William Rathje
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the garbage man
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Pseudoscience
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People using the language/structure of science to present patently false information
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Piltdown Man Hoax
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Charles Dawson & Arthur Smith Woodward
Claimed predecessor to apes & humans. Actually composed of two different animals |
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Gustav Kossina
(1858-1931) |
wrote "German Prehistory: a Pre-eminently National Discipline." Total nationalist bunk.
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Artifacts
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Made by people. Portable.
(e.g. Ceramics, tools, baskets, metal, glass) |
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Ecofacts
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Not necessarily human made
(e.g. animal & plant remains, soil chemistry, landscapes) |
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Human Remains
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skeletons & teeth.
In some cold, oxygen-low places: skin, hair, tissues |
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Features
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discrete locations within sites
(e.g. middens, burials, storage pits, post holes, hearths, structures) |
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Sites
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Places with evidence of human activity
(e.g. roads, caves, houses, camps, agricultural fields, cities, ceremonial centers) |
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Archaeological Research Methods: Step 1
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1) Design formulation/implementation
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Archaeological Research Methods: Step 2
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2) Data Acquisition (field work)
a) Phase 1 (Reconnaissance & Survey) b) Phase 2 (testing) c) Phase 3 (excavations) |
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Archaeological Research Methods: Step 3
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Processing & Analysis (lab work)
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Archaeological Research Methods: Step 4
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Interpretation
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Archaeological Research Methods: Step 5
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Dissemination & Conservation
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Stratigraphy & strata
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layers of material & their study
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Absolute Dating
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How Long ago?
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Relative Dating
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In what order did events occur relative to one another?
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Context & Associations
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Where & Relations
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Primary Contexts (in situ)
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where the artifacts were when buried
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Disturbed Contexts
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You aren't the first to touch them since they were placed there.
Associations have been disturbed. |
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Provenience
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context. Where you found it.
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Provenance
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where it came from originally
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Carbon-14 Half Life
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5730 years.
Covers 40-60 kya. |
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Stratigraphy
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Law of Superposition: if it's bottom of the stack it's older
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Law of Association:
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Things found together were likely put there at the same time
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Dendrochronology
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Counting tree rings. An absolute dating method
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Uniformitarianism
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there is no evidence to suggest that the natural processes our dating methods rely on have ever been different
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Seriation
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relative changes in the freq. of artifacts or styles linked to absolute dates
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Fossil evidence of hominids
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65 mya: grasping hands
25 mya: no tail; teeth shape; swinging arm |
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Holocene (or Anthropocene)
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Climate all over became warmer
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Beringia
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dry land bridge
60-13 kya |
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2 possible paths along Beringia
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Overland
along the coast in boats hugging shore |
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Folsom Points
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used by big game hunters in N.A.
11.5-10 kya |
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Clovis Points
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throughout N.A.
13.5 kya Lasted 500 years |
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Monte Verde II, Chile
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12.5 kya
No projectile points. Temporary community. Round structures. Hafted stone tools, tent stakes |
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Monte Verde I, Chile
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33 kya
Possible that humans were in the Americas earlier than anyone thought possible. |
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Caverna de Piedra Pintada
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Anna Roosevelt 1996 excavations. Possibly 13 kya old.
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Past-Pleistocene Adaptations
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Megafaun disappear. (10 kya) Overkill or climate change (things got warmer).
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Between Paleolithic and Neolithic (i.e. foraging and farming)
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Mesolithic (Eurasia/Africa): 11000-5000 BCE
Archaic (Americas): 8000-1000 BCE |
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Vedbaek, Denmark
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Mesolithic. 5000 BCE.
Diverse foods, Semi-sedentary. Transitioned between two environments. Organized settlement. |
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Vedbaek, Denmark pt II
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22 individuals buried. Mostly extended posture. Social differences (old men buried w/ antlers). Ochre. Men buried with tools, women with adornment.
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Carrier Mills, IL
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Archaic (4000-3000 BCE). Continuous occupation. Diverse foods, transitional locations.
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Carrier Mills, IL cemetery
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>154 burials. Body position varies by age. 21% infants. Most adornment with men. Both men and women with tools. Women died later.
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Bottle Gourd
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First domesticated plant. 12 kya
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Einkorn Wheat & Emmer Wheat
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9000-7000BCE
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Wild Teosinte to Corn
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7000-1000BCE
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6 Characteristics that make an animal good for domestication
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1) can breed in captivity
2) predictable personality 3) flexible diet 4) reproduce/mature quickly 5) minimal flight instinct/fear of enclosure 6) recognize social hierarchy |
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dogs
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first domesticated animal
genetic evidence: 100kya archaeological evidence: 14 kya |
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Domestication Habitat Hypotheses 1: Oasis Theory
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1930s. people, animals, and plants congregate in oases, competition prompts domestication
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Domestication Habitat Hypotheses 2: Natural Habitat
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1940. Domestication occurs in wild ancestors' natural habitat
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Domestication Habitat Hypotheses 3: Population Pressure or Edge Hypothesis
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1960s. Farming is hard, so moving must have been motivated by pop. growth pressure. Domestication most rapid at edges of fertile zones
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Domestication Habitat Hypotheses 4: Social Hypothesis
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1970s. Domestication had social reasons, not all used for food.
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Domestication Habitat Hypotheses 5: Mutualism
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1980s.
Domestication is symbiosis, happens in spite of human intentions. |
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Pleistocene
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2.6mya to 10kya
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Lower Paleolithic
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2.6 mya to 140 kya (first evidence of stone tools)
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Middle Paleolithic
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140kya to 40 kya
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Upper Paleolithic
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40 kya to 10 kya
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Distinctly human traits
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bipedalism!!, big brains, hair & fur amt., diet (teeth), sexual dimorphism is less pronounced, sweat glands
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Skeletal Markers of Bipedalism
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Skull location (foramen magnum), spinal shape ('s'), less bowed legs, no opposable toes
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Why walk upright?
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more efficient foraging, free hands for hunting/carrying, improved vision, reduced exposure to UV
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Fully Modern Humans (FMH)
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200 kya in Africa
80 kya spreads all over globe |
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Lower Paleolithic: Homo Habilis
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2.5-1.6mya
Olduwan tools |
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Lower Paleolithic: Homo erectus
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1.8mya to 100 kya
fire & Acheulian tools |
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Lower Paleolithic: Homo Heidelbergensis
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600-200 kya
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Middle Paleolthic
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Homo Sapiens Neanderthalensis (250kya- 25 kya)
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Homo Sapiens Neanderthalensis
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burials, Mousterian tools (140 kya- 40 kya). Disappeared from? competition, too specialized to cold, absorbed through interbreeding
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