Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
51 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Emperor Ashoka |
an emperor of ancient India of the Maurya dynasty; he contributed to the spread of Buddhism & was a great patron of Buddhist art |
|
Buddha |
literally means "The Awakened One," the founder of Buddhism |
|
Stupa |
hemisphere burial mound houses ashes of Buddha or other holy persons |
|
chaitya-hall |
a hall containing a stupa, a fundamental Buddhist architectural form w/pillars & vaulted roof, a sacred place for gathering of the faithful |
|
vihara |
a basic Buddhist architectural form constructed as a large dwelling place divided into cells of monks |
|
yakshi |
Hindu female local deity of fertility |
|
Nirvana |
the state after which a person is released from the cycle of rebirth |
|
Jataka tales |
stories of the previous lives of Buddha |
|
Theravada/Hinayana Buddhism |
School of Buddhism that believes Buddha is a historical figure & great teacher; each person must work out his/her own salvation by exactly following what Buddha did to achieve his enlightenment |
|
Kushan period |
a dynasty of ancient India (50-320 CE), ruled by the Kushans, a nomadic group of people who came from central Asia; in this period, the first images of Buddha appeared; 2 schools of Buddhist art are known as the Mathura & the Gandhra |
|
Gupta period |
this dynasty succeeded the Kushan dynasty (320-600 CE); this period was the zenith of Buddhist art; it had an enormous influence on Buddhist art of later periods of India & beyond; Mathura & Sarnath are the 2 regional schools of Buddhist art of this period |
|
Mathura |
a place in central India, the center of Buddhist art in the Kushan & Gupta periods |
|
Gandhara |
a place in northwestern India, the center of Buddhist art in the Kushan period; the Gandharan style is strongly influenced by Roman art |
|
Sarnath |
the place where Buddha preached the first sermon in north India, a center of Buddhist art in the Gupta period |
|
Mudra |
hand gesture of Buddha w/diff meanings |
|
Mahayana Buddhism |
"the greater vehicle," a school of Buddhism diff from Theravada Buddhism, Buddha is believed to be divine & can intervene in human salvation |
|
Bodhisattva |
a new idea of Mahayana Buddhism, "being of wisdom," beings whose essence is intelligence & who had achieved enlightenment & could enter Nirvana but choose to stay in this world to help other beings do so |
|
Brama |
a hindu god, the creator |
|
Vishnu |
a Hindu God, the preserver, represents the aspect of sustaining life; has 10 incarnations |
|
Shiva |
A Hindu God, the destroyer, who has the power of destruction & recreation; he is the Lord of Dance & Lord of Animals |
|
Brahman |
a Hindu concept, the only real existence, the universal spirit, or undifferentiated eternal principle of existence of Hinduism |
|
Lingam |
Phallus-shaped representation of Shiva, usually worshiped in a sanctuary of a Hindu temple dedicated to Shiva |
|
Avatar |
the incarnation of a Hindu deity; Vishnu has 10 avatars |
|
descent of the ganges |
an open air relief carved onto a living rock, a Hindu pilgrimage site, located at Mamallapuram, India, created in 7th century CE, commissioned by local king, representing the power of creation |
|
Kailasanatha |
a Hindu pilgrimage site located at Ellura, carved out of a stone cliff, 8th to 9th century CE, commissioned by a local king, lockal king- Krishna I; the main temple represents the residence of Shiva & his wife, the World Mountain, w/a lingam enshrined on it |
|
Angkor Wat |
a Hindu temple dedicated to the god Vishnu, also a mausoleum of a Khmer king named Suryavarman II, build in the first half of the 12th century CE, now a pilgrimage site |
|
the Churning of the Sea of Milk |
a relief carving on the interior wall of the hallway of the temple of Angkor Wat, Cambodia, built by a Khmer king name Suryavarman II in the 1st half of the 12th century CE; tells story of how Vishnu reconstituted the balance of good & evil & thus saved the world |
|
mount meru |
the resisdence of the god Vishnu, also called the World Mountain |
|
Devaraja |
it is a newly designed cult of Hinduism in Cambodia; Deva means god; raja means ruler; so, devaraja means god-kings; refers to the Khmer rulers who had both the religious & political power |
|
northern Wei |
a dynasty of China est by a group of pastoral ppl from Mongolia, 386-535 CE; the Northern Wei rulers adopted Buddhism as a state religion & sponsored many Buddhist monasteries & arts; the colossal Buddha at Yungang is an example of the Buddhist caves sponsored by the Northern Wei rulers |
|
Bamiyan |
a Buddhist pilgrimage site w/many rock-cut cave temples in Afghanistan, 4th-5th c CE; a colossal standing Buddha was there; Buddhism was introduced from India to China thru Bamiyan & the images there had strong impact on Chinese Buddhist art |
|
Yungang |
in Datong, Shanxi, China, a Buddhist pilgrimage site w/many rock cut cave temples commissioned by the Northern Wei rulers int he 2nd half of the 5th c CE; the seated colossal Buddha is in Cave XX from this site |
|
Pagoda |
a chinese version of the stupa in the form of Chinese watch tower, constructed of brick, to house the relics of Buddha |
|
Asuka period |
a dynasty of ancient Japan, dated to 552-645 CE; Buddhism was introduced to Japan & adopted as a state religion in this period; Horyu-ji temple was constructed then |
|
Horyu-ji |
a Japanese Buddhist temple built in the early 7th century CE, int he Asuka period, near Nara, Japan; it's the oldest extant wood construction in the world; it was modeled after Chinese Buddhist temples & built in the style of Chinese palaces |
|
Chumon |
the front gate of Horyu-ji temple, early 7th c CE near Nara, Japan |
|
Kondo |
Golden Hall, the image hall in Horyu-ji temple, early 7th century CE, near Nara, Japan; the Shaka triad is housed in this building |
|
Pagoda |
multi-storied towers used as relic halls in China & Japan, functions as a stupa does in India; it is to house the relics of Buddha or famous monks |
|
Shaka Triad |
gilded-bronze group of Buddhist statues by Tori Busshi inside the kondo at Horyu-ji, cast in 623 CE near Nara, Japan |
|
Islam |
the religious system of the Muslims; submission means giving oneself to God; Islam has a twofold meaning: peace & submission to God; one must consciously & conscientiously give oneself to the service of allah, the one almighty God; it was founded by Muhammad in the 6th c CE in Arabia; the faithful believe that there is only one true God, Allah; Muhammad is a messenger of God |
|
Koran |
the sacred book of the Muslims consisting of revelations orally delivered by Mohammad & collected after his death; the Koran is written in Arabic in 114 chapters |
|
Moslem/Muslim |
a believer in the religious of Islam |
|
Muhammad |
founder of the religion of Islam (570-632 CE), born in Mecca, acclaimed himself to be a prophet of God |
|
mosque |
an Islamic temple, or place of worship |
|
Qibla/kiblah |
the direction of Mecca, toward which prayer is directed |
|
Mihrab |
a niche in the mosque indicating direction of prayer |
|
Mosque at Cordoba (Spain) |
begun in 786 CE, enlarged several times; it has a large hall supported by marble columns; it's the largest religious architecture in the world |
|
Hypostyle hall |
a type of structure that utilizes closely-spaced columns for direct support of the roof; its additive structure allows for easy enlargements |
|
Vedic period (1500-600 BCE) |
intervening period btwn Indus & early Buddhist period of India; assoc w/ religious writings (Vedas, ca 1000 BCE); Upanisads (later, ca 7th c BCE); migration of Yueh-Che & other nomads into India (loosely called Aryans); forced Dravidians to 4 southern states in India |
|
Dravidians: Indus population |
indigenous population created Indus civ; later epochs of civ blends Indo Europeans; called Aryans, generally, collectively |
|
Aryans ("nobles") |
brought in caste system (only outlawed mid-20th c); assoc later w/swastika (India's sun symbol) & which was denigrated by Nazis 20th c; intro'd Sanskrit for noble & spiritually advanced |