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36 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Public Perception of 5 Asian groups
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1. CHinese= viewd as good Asian in contrast to Jap
2. Filipino= "little brown brothers" 3. Koreans= victims of Jap. imperialism and weak friend of US 4. Asian Indians= + friends of US 5. Japanese= negative view of Asians |
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How perceptions came about during Wartime
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US propaganda/international politics
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Employment Opportunities during Wartime
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- American born Asians found it easier to get jobs that unions previously excluded Asians from
- open job market to women - executive order 8802= government contractors cant discriminate in hiring |
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Immigration/Naturalization
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Repealed Chinese Exclusion Act
Madam Chiang Kai Shek said Chinese would like to be accepted, led to repeal and quota of 105, Japan challenged white dominance |
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2 types of internment camps
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Justice Department Camps for "dangerous enemy aliens"
War Relocation Authority Relocation Centers |
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3 Reasons for the internment of Japanese Americans
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1. Racial Prejudice
2. War Hysteria 3. Failed Government Leadership |
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NAME the 3 Major Cases as a Result of Internment/Discrimination
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Min Yasui 1943
Gordon Hirabayashi- 1943 Fred Korematsu- 1944 |
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Min Yasui
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1943- violated curfew rule purposely because he was a lawyer and claimed he had constitutional rights as a citizen, supreme court ruled the military had the right to impose curfew
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Gordon Hirabayashi
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1943
violated curfew, evacuation order supreme court ruled against him because military had the right to impose laws during time of war |
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Fred Korematsu
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1944
evacuation order- was in love with a caucasian woman and did not want to leave, supreme court ruled against him. example of beyond politics because waited for after the FDR election to make decision, example of able to arrest someone solely on suspicion |
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Hawaii during WWII
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Pearl Harbor: 33% in Hawaii= Japanese
Marshal Law used against Japanese citizens, restrictions placed on the Japanese in the name of military necessity |
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Military necessity in Hawaii
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- use of Japanese language outlawed
- Japanese issued curfews (had to be in their homes by 8pm or would be arrested) - couldn't go beyond a 5 mile radius of their residence |
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Why was keeping Hawaii necessary?
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If Japanese conquered Hawaii, it would have an easier time to get to Mainland US
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John Burns
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Democrat, police chief of Honolulu, had a lot of Japanese-American friends and stood up for them during WWII
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Hung Wai Ching
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Chinese-American in Hawaii stood up for Japanese-American friends
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Mainland- West Coast
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- removal of 120,000 Japanese
- WRA - Japanese were in camps not because they committed any crimes Government had a conflict because they had to protect people's rights and protect people and country |
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Executive Order 9066 (John DeWitt's Final Recommendation)
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- Allows for the movement of Japanese population to military zones
- marked beginning of Japanese internment - 2 weeks notice to move |
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Post WWII Changes for Japanese
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1. Women and men were able to leave internment camp if they passed loyalty questionnaire
2. education: reach economic and social mobility 3. entry into mainstream labor market- model minority, upward mobility 4. Entry into American middle class: suburbs instead of Chinatown |
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Post WWII Changes for Chinese
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target of hostilities, no longer targeting Japanese, single out because of Communist China
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Post WWII Changes Cultural Severance
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Japanese did not pass culture onto children between 40's-60's
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Post WWII Changes in Hawaii
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- Fall of sugar industry
- workers realized they could work together - ILWU: international longshoremen and warehouse workers union- wanted to bring all workers in Hawaii under 1 union |
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Asians in politics
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Saund, Inouye, Mink, Ariyoshi, Cayetano, Locke, Jindal
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Second Wave of Asian Immigration
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1945- 1965 began with repeal of Chinese exclusion Act, Asians were no longer excluded
1. War Brides - spouses of American soldiers - War Brides Act: 1945- allowed war brides to come to USA in 1950, 75% of immigrants coming into USA= women 2. Political Refugees - because of Communist China, many Chinese came during second wave immigration, 23,000 3. Adoptees: asian children adopted by white Americans |
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Third Wave of Asian immigration
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1965- present
1965 immigration act: took place of previous immigration act, allowed a 20,000 visa ceiling to countries outside Western Hemisphere, family ties and occupational sill replace race and origin. - exempt from quota: 1. over 21- unmarried and married children of US citizens 2. siblings of US Citizens 3. workers, scientists, artists of exceptionability 4. workers skilled or unskilled in jobs where labor force is low 5. refugees 6. spouses and children of permanent residents |
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First Wave Refugee
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1975- 1978, 130,000 refugees, 95% Vietnamese, 5% cambodian
indochina migration refugee assistance act |
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indochina migration refugee assistance act
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1975- President ford after fall of saigon allowed S. Vietnamese/Cambodians to enter USA under special status. Came thru Camp Pendelton, Fort Chafee, Fort Indiantown, Aglin AFB
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Second Wave of Refugees
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1978- 1994
520,000 less educated 50% Vietnamese, 40% Cambodians, 10% Laotians left in fishing boats flee as a result of Khmer Rouge: communist regime in Cambodia who saw anyone who had been involved with US as traitors |
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Difficulties faced by refugees
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- lack of language skills and largely different economy and technological advances posed issus
- remained on welfare - during recession, many americans were angry that asians were receiving aid |
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1988 Amerasian Homecoming Act
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Amerasian: child of Vietnamese woman and US soldier
Americans wanted Congress to pass this act and register by 1990, 1995 it was repealed but they could come due to 1965 immigration act |
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Model Minority Myth
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- asian americans were seen as successful and hardworking
- Deborah Woo- debunks this myth by saying that immigrants did not go from rags to riches but came from well off families in their home countries, 1965 immigration act recruited many professionally trained immigrants rather than unskilled workers, statistics show they are not as great as they appear |
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Takaki 109- 135
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Common stereotypes in contemporary America- Yellow Book
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Invention of Asian American Culture
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refers to east asian culture is made up
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Panethnic Identity
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- umbrella encompassing all Asian ethnic groups
- Asians did not recognize their common interests and groups until 1968 |
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Asian American Political Alliance
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May 1968
Student activists, went beyond ethnic differences and wanted to combine together, college students in CA |
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San Francisco State College THIRD WORLD STUDENT STRIKE
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November 1968
involved Asian American Political Alliance. Had 3 Demands: 1. self determination in education (thought existing curriculum was too Eurocentric and didn't learn anything about racial minority/gender) 2. interracial coalition- not just Asian American thing but also African American and Native American thing 3. New form of politics- race based politics. 4. Establishment of nations first ethnic studies program |
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Why 1968 was an important year
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1. Asian Americans identified themselves as a group
2. domestic- race based problems were not taken care of during Civil Rights movement 3. national- Vietnam War/TET Offensive, thought certain activities commited by US were atrocious, made us question whether war should be fought |