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33 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Pregnancy Weight Gain
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The recommended weight gain during pregnancy varies for each woman depending on her
body mass index (BMI) and weight prior to pregnancy. ◯◯ Recommended weight gain during the first trimester is 2 to 4 lb. ◯◯ Trimesters 2 and 3: ■■ Normal weight client – 1 lb/week for a total of 25 to 35 lb. ■■ Underweight client – just more than 1 lb/week for a total of 28 to 40 lb. ■■ Overweight client – 0.66 lb/week for a total of 15 to 25 lb. |
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Lactating Women weight gain
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Lactating women require an increase in daily caloric intake. If the client is breastfeeding
during the postpartum period, an additional daily intake of 330 calories is recommended during the first 6 months, and an additional daily intake of 400 calories is recommended during the second 6 months. |
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RDAs of Major Vitamins
Protein |
Nonpregnant: 46
Pregnant:71 Lactating:71 |
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RDAs of Major Vitamins
Vitamin A (mcg) |
Nonpregnant: 700
Pregnant:770 Lactating:1300 |
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RDAs of Major Vitamins
Vitamin C (mg) |
Nonpregnant: 75
Pregnant:85 Lactating:120 |
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RDAs of Major Vitamins
Vitamin D (mcg)* |
Nonpregnant: 5
Pregnant : 5 Lactating: 5 |
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RDAs of Major Vitamins
Vitamin E (mcg) |
Nonpregnant: 15
Pregnant: 15 Lactating: 19 |
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RDAs of Major Vitamins
Vitamin K (mcg)* |
Nonpregnant: 90
Pregnant: 90 Lactating: 90 |
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RDAs of Major Vitamins
Thiamin (mg) |
Nonpregnant: 1.1
Pregnant: 1.4 Lactating: 1.4 |
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RDAs of Major Vitamins
Vitamin B6 (mg) |
Nonpregnant: 1.3
Pregnant: 1.9 Lactating: 2.0 |
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RDAs of Major Vitamins
Folate (mcg) |
Nonpregnant: 400
Pregnant: 600 Lactating: 500 |
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RDAs of Major Vitamins
Vitamin B12 (mcg) |
Nonpregnant:2.4
Pregnant:2.6 Lactating:2.8 |
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RDAs of Major Vitamins
Calcium (mg)* |
Nonpregnant:1,000
Pregnant:1,000 Lactating:1,000 |
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RDAs of Major Vitamins
Iron (mg) |
Nonpregnant:18
Pregnant:27 Lactating:9 |
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Additional Dietary Recommendations
Pregnancy: Fluids |
Fluid: 2,000 to 3,000 mL of fluids daily from food and drinks. Preferable fluids include
water, fruit juice, or milk. Carbonated beverages and fruit drinks provide little or no nutrients. |
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Additional Dietary Recommendations/Pregnancy:
Caffeine |
Caffeine: Caffeine crosses the placenta and can affect the movement and heart rate of the
fetus. However, moderate use (less than 300 mg/day) does not appear to be harmful. |
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Additional Dietary Recommendations/Pregnancy:
Vegetarian diets |
Vegetarian diets: Well-balanced vegetarian diets that include dairy products can provide all
the nutritional requirements of pregnancy. |
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Additional Dietary Recommendations/Pregnancy:
Folic Acid |
Folic acid intake: It is recommended that 600 mcg per day of folic acid be taken during
pregnancy. Current recommendations for lactating clients include 500 mcg of folic acid per day. It is necessary for the neurological development of the fetus and to prevent birth defects. It is essential for maternal red blood cell formation. Food sources include green leafy vegetables, enriched grains, and orange juice. |
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Additional Dietary Recommendations/Pregnancy:
Iron |
Iron can be obtained from dairy products and meats, especially red meats. Consuming
foods high in vitamin C aids in the absorption of iron. |
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Dietary Complications During Pregnancy: Nausea
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For nausea, eat dry crackers or toast. Avoid alcohol, caffeine, fats, and spices. Avoid
drinking fluids with meals, and do not take medications to control nausea without checking with the provider. |
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Dietary Complications During Pregnancy: Constipation
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For constipation, increase fluid consumption and include extra fiber in the diet. Fruits, vegetables, and whole grains contain fiber.
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Maternal Phenylketonuria (PKU):
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This is a maternal genetic disease in which high levels of
phenylalanine poses danger to the fetus. ◯◯ It is important for a client to resume the PKU diet at least 3 months prior to pregnancy, and continue the diet throughout pregnancy. ◯◯ The diet should include foods low in phenylalanine. Foods high in protein (fish, poultry, meat, eggs, nuts, dairy products) must be avoided due to high phenylalanine levels. ◯◯ The client’s blood phenylalanine levels should be monitored during pregnancy. ◯◯ These interventions will prevent fetal complications (mental retardation, behavioral problems). |
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Infant Growth Rates
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Birth weight doubles by 4 to 6 months and triples by 1 year of age. The need for calories
and nutrients is high to support the rapid rate of growth. Appropriate weight gain averages 150 to 210 g (5 to 7 oz) per week during the first 5 to 6 months. ●● An infant grows approximately 2.5 cm (1 in) per month in height the first 6 months, and approximately 1.25 cm (0.5 in) in height per month the last 6 months. ●● Head circumference increases rapidly during the first 6 months at a rate of 1.5 cm (0.6 in) per month. The rate slows to 0.5 cm per month for months 6 to 12. By 1 year, head size should have increased by 33%. This is reflective of the growth of the nervous system. |
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Advantages of Breastfeeding
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Incidence of otitis media (ear infections), and gastrointestinal and respiratory
disorders are reduced. This is due to the transfer of antibodies from mother to infant. ■■ Carbohydrates, proteins, and fats in breast milk are predigested for ready absorption. ■■ Breast milk is high in omega-3 fatty acids. ■■ Breast milk is low in sodium. ■■ Iron, zinc, and magnesium found in breast milk are highly absorbable. ■■ Calcium absorption is enhanced as the calcium-to-phosphorous ratio is 2 to 1. ■■ The risk of allergies is reduced. ■■ Maternal-infant bonding is promoted. |
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Breastfeeding Teaching Points
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Expressed milk may be refrigerated in sterile bottles for use within 3 to 5 days, or
frozen in sterile containers for 3 to 6 months. Thaw milk in the refrigerator, it can be stored for 24 hr after thawing Avoid consuming freshwater fish or alcohol, and limit caffeine. ■■ Do not take medications unless prescribed by a provider. |
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Weaning
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from the breast or bottle to a cupfrom the breast or bottle to a cup
between 5 to 8 months of age. between 5 to 8 months of age. |
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Sodium (Na)
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Major Actions: Maintains
fluid volume, allows muscle contractions, cardiovascular support Major Sources: Table salt, added salts, processed foods, butter Symp of Deficiency: Muscle cramping, cardiac changes Symp of Excess: Fluid retention, hypertension, CVA Nursing Implications:Monitor ECG, edema, and blood pressure. |
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Potassium (K)
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Major Actions: Maintains
fluid volume inside/outside cells, muscle action, blood pressure, cardiovascular support Major Sources: Oranges, dried fruits, tomatoes, avocados, dried peas, meats, broccoli, bananas symptoms of Deficiency: Dysrhythmias, muscle cramps, confusion symptoms of Excess: Dysrhythmias (caused by supplements, potassiumsparing diuretics, ACE inhibitors, inadequate kidney function, diabetes) Nursing Implications: Monitor ECG and muscle tone. PO tabs irritate the GI system. Give with meals. |
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Chloride (Cl)
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Major Actions: Bonds to
other minerals (esp. sodium) to facilitate cellular actions and reactions, fluid balance Major Sources: Table salt symptoms of Deficiency: Rare symptoms of Excess: In concert with sodium, results in high blood pressure Nursing Implications: Monitor sodium levels. |
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Calcium (Ca)
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Major Actions: Bones/teeth,
cardiovascular support, blood clotting, nerve transmission Major Sources: Dairy, broccoli, kale, grains, egg yolks symptoms of Deficiency: Osteoporosis, tetany, Chvostek’s and Trousseau’s signs, ECG changes symptoms of Excess: Constipation, kidney stones Nursing Implications: Monitor ECG and muscle tone. Give PO tabs with vitamin D. |
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Magnesium
(Mg) |
Major Actions: Bone nourishment, catalyst for
many enzyme reactions, nerve/muscle function, CV support Major Sources: Green leafy vegetables, nuts, grains, meat, milk symptoms of Deficiency: Weakness, dysrhythmias, tetany, seizure, reduced blood clotting, eclampsia symptoms of Excess: Diarrhea, kidney stones, decreased muscle control, CV changes Nursing Implications: Incompatible with some antibiotics. Give PO, 2 hr apart. |
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Phosphorus (P)
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Major Actions: Energy transfer of RNA/DNA, acid-base balance, bone and teeth
formation Major Sources: Dairy, peas, soft drinks, meat, eggs, some grains symptoms of Deficiency: Calcium level changes, muscle weakness symptoms of Excess:Skeletal porosity, decreased calcium levels, must stay in balance with calcium Nursing Implications: Evaluate the use of antacids (note type) and the use of alcohol. |
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Sulfur (S)
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Major Actions A component of vitamin structure, by-product of protein metabolism
Major Sources: Dried fruits (dates, raisins, apples), eats, red and white wines symptoms of Deficiency: Only seen in severe protein malnourishment, found in all proteincontaining foods symptoms of Excess: Toxicity has a very low risk Nursing Implications: Sulfur levels are not usually monitored. |