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122 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Ph |
indicates how acidic or basic a solution is |
|
base |
substances that take up hydrogen ions or release hydroxide ions. 7-14 |
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acids |
dissociate in water, release hydrogen ions. 0-7 |
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exergonic |
spontaneous and releases energy |
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endergonic |
requires an input of energy to occur |
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peroxisomes |
membrane bound vesicles that enclose enzymes and break down fatty acids |
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cytoplasm |
semifluid solution- waters and inorganic and organic molecules encased by the plasma membrane |
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what is in the cytoplasm |
nucleoid, plasmids, ribosomes, thykoloids |
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promoters |
a short sequence of DNA where RNA-polymerase first attaches |
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operator |
short portion of DNA located before the structural genes |
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enhanccerws |
located some distance from promoter |
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mRNA splicing |
controls speed which mRNA leaves nucleous |
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examples of inheritance patterns |
codominance,incomplete dominance, pleiotropy, polygenic inheritence |
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codominance |
when two traits are fully expressed in the presence of each other |
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incomplete dominance |
when heterozygote has intermediate phenotype between two traits |
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pleiotropy |
when a single mutant gene affects two or note seemingly unrelated traits |
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polygenic inheritance |
when a trait is governed by two or more sets of alleles |
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functional group |
a specific combo of bonded atoms that always have the same chemical properties and always react the same |
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what is included in the nucleous |
nucleoplasm,chromatin,chromosomes,genes,nuclelous,nuclear envelope,nuclear pores |
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ways that a chromosome can change structure |
deletion,inversion,duplication, and translocation |
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deletion |
when an end of a chromosome breaks off |
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duplication |
presence of a chromosome segment more than once |
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inversion |
when chromosome segment has been turned 180 degrees |
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translocation |
movement of a chromosome segment from one chromosome to another |
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polymerase chain reaction |
accelerates the pace of genetic engineering by quickly creating more clones of a piece of DNA |
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chloroplasts |
synthesize carbs in plants |
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what happens when ATP is a coupled reaction |
an energetically favorable and unfavorable reaction occurs in the same place at the same time. it is exergonic. |
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lysosomes |
membrane bound vesicles produced by the golgi appartatus, stores enzymes in an inactive state |
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cell envelope in prokaryote includes: |
plasma membrane, cell wall, and glycolyx |
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independent assortment |
the homologous chromosome pairs separate independently or randomly |
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proteins function |
metabolism, support,transport,defense,regulation,motion |
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monomers of proteins |
amino acids |
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functions of nucleic acids |
store info and conduct chemical reactions |
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polymers of nucleotides |
nucleic acids |
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karyotype |
chromosomes are arranged by pairs according to size, shape, and general appearance |
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function of carbohydrates |
immediate energy source |
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monomers of carbohydrates |
monnosaccharides- simple sugars |
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types of mutations |
point mutations, frameshift mutations, bases substitution |
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point mutations |
change in single DNA nucleotide |
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frameshift mutation |
when one or more nucleotides are either added or deleted from DNA |
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base substitution |
one nucleotide is replaced with another incorrect nucleotide |
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transcription |
a process by which RNA molecules are produced based on the DNA template |
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translation |
mRNA transcripts read by a ribosome and converted into the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide |
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central dogma of molecular biology |
DNA-RNA-Protein |
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Meiosis II |
Prophase II, Metaphase II, Anaphase II,Telophase II, daughter cells |
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ionic bond |
bond where an electron is given up to the other. attraction between negatively and positively charged ions |
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laws of thermodynamics |
energy cant be created or destroyed, but can be changed from one form to another. energy cant be changed without a loss of energy |
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mitochondria |
breakdown of products to produce ATP |
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isotopes |
atoms of the same element that differ in the number of neutrons |
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what does light do in photosynthesis |
light reactiosncapture the waves of sunlight for synthesis of carbohydrates |
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what do pigments do in photosynthesis |
chlorophyll absorbs solar energy |
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oncogenes |
cancer causing genes |
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tumor suppressor genes |
code for proteins that inhibit the cell cycle and promote apoptosis |
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rough ER |
studded with ribosomes and produces proteins |
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smooth ER |
doesnt have ribosomes- produces lipids |
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ribosomes |
where protein synthesis occurs |
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dehydration synthesis |
water molecule removed as subunits join (BUILD) |
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hydrolysis |
adding water molecules to subunits (BREAK DOWN) |
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isomer |
organic molecules that have identical molecular formulas but have different arrangements |
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prokaryote |
lack a membrane bound nucleus |
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eukaryotes |
possess a nucleus |
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external structure of the cell includes: |
flagella, fimbriae, conjunction pili |
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stages of the cell cycle |
G1, S, G2, Mitotic |
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cellular respiration |
C6H12O6+ 6CO2= 6CO2+ 6H2O+ energy |
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what goes in and what comes out of the calvin cycle |
in: CO2, Out: CH2O |
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what goes in and what comes out of the light reaction |
in: water and solar energy, out: O2 |
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photosynthesis |
6CO2+12H2O= 6CH20+6H2O+6O2 |
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properties of water |
high heat capacity, polar,high heat of evaporation, is a solvent,cohesive and adhesive, ice is less dense than water |
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hydrogen bond |
caused by attraction of slightly positive hydrogen to a slightly negative atom in the vicinity |
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mass number |
sum of protons and neutrons |
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scientific method |
hypothesis, gather data with observation and experimentation, conclusion |
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domains |
bacteria,Archaea, Eukarya |
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domain bacteria |
adaptations to all environments, absorb, photosynthesize, or chemosynthesize food |
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domain Archaea |
adaptations to extreme environments, absorb or chemosynthesize food |
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domain eukarya |
four groups: protists, plants, fungi, animals |
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vacuoles |
store substances and are essential to plants function |
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therapeutic cloning |
cloning of a human tissue |
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reproductive cloning |
cloning of an individual |
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stem cells |
cells that keep the ability to divide |
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cytokinesis in animal cells |
cleavage furrow to divide |
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cytokinesis in plant cells |
form a new cell wall |
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mitosis phases |
prophase, metaphase, anaphase,telophase |
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anaerobic respiration |
does not need oxygen to do so |
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aerobic respiration |
need oxygen to do so |
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location of light reaction |
thykoloids |
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location of the calvin cycle |
stroma |
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oxidation |
loss of electrons |
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reduction |
gain of electrons |
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passive transport |
moves molecules across concentration gradient without the need of energy |
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active transport |
moves molecules across their concentration gradient and requires energy |
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hypertonic solution |
cell shrinks- fluid moves out of the cell |
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hypotonic solution |
cell swells- fluid moves into the cell |
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hydrophilic |
molecules that can attract water |
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hydrophobic |
molecules that cant attract water |
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covalent bond |
when two atoms share electrons so that each atom has 8 |
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atomic number |
number of protons and electrons |
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kindom eukarya |
fungi,plantae, and animalia |
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natural selection |
Charles Darwin: environment selects which traits are more apt to be passed on to the next generation |
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levels of organization |
atom,molecule,cell,tissue,organ,organ system, organism,population, community,ecosystem, biosphere |
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isotonic solution |
when the concentration of the solution in and out of the cell are the same |
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osmosis |
the movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane rfom high to low concentration |
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diffusion |
movement of molecules from higher to lower concentration until equilibrium is achieved |
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central vacuole |
maintains hydrostatic pressure in plant cells and gives structural support |
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meiosis |
the type of nuclear division that reduces chromosomes from dipolid to haplois |
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meiosis I stages |
prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase |
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crossing over |
an exchange of genetic material between non-sister chromatids of a bivalent during meiosis I |
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homolgous chromosomes |
look alike, have same lenths and centromere position |
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monohybrid cross |
cross of one trait with hybrid organisms |
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autosomal recessive disorders |
heterozygotes have unaffected phenotype |
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autosomal dominant disorders |
heterozygotes are affected |
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x linked disorders |
more males than females, for girls the dad must have it |
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structure of DNA |
double helix, base pairing, antiparrallel, sugar phosphate backbones |
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DNA self replication |
each strand of parental souble helix serves as a template. unwinding, base pairing, joining |
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mRNA |
takes message from DNA in nucleus to ribosomes in cytoplasm |
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tRNA |
transfer amino acids to the ribosomes |
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codon |
each coding unit |
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genetic code |
allows for conversion of DNA and RNA's chemical code to sequence of amino acids in a protein |
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operons includes |
regualtor gene, promoter, operator |
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operon |
explains gene regulation in prokaryotes |
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recombinant DNA technology |
rRNA contains DNA from 2+ different sources. need vector, reaction enzyme, and DNA ligase |
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lipids |
oil in plants, fats in animals: use for insolation |
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characteristics of life |
organized, needs materials and energy,maintains homeostasis, respond,reproduce and develop, have adaptations |