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300 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Characteristics of animals |
only organisms taht are mobile, multicellular and hetertrophic |
|
Do animals reproduce sexually |
yes all reproduce sexually, some asexual as well |
|
animals are aerobic or anaerobic? |
aerobic respiration |
|
what kind of development do animals have |
embryonic development |
|
Types of animals |
invertebrates and vertebrates |
|
what is an invertebrate? |
without a back bone |
|
what is a vertebrate? |
with a back bone |
|
examples of vertebrates |
fish, amphibians, reptimes, birds, mammals |
|
ratio of invertebrates species to vertebrate |
more than 50 to 1 |
|
Where did animals originate from? |
pre-Cambrian from Protist lineages |
|
what were present during the Cambrian explosion (560 mya) |
representative of all major phyla) |
|
phyla |
different major groups within the animal kingom |
|
How do phyla differ from each other? |
-body symmetry -cephalization -type of gut -prescence or absence of a body cavity(coelum) -segmentation: present or not |
|
what is cephalization |
nervous and sensory system concentrated in a head or throughout the body |
|
what is body symmetry in a phyla? |
radial or bilateral |
|
example of something that doesnt ahve cephalization |
sea anenome |
|
characteristics of a sponge |
-no symmetry, no tissues or organs or nervous system -filter feeders -flagella in collar cells move water -loose association of cells -reproduces sexually -swimming larval stage -also reproduce asexually |
|
examples of Cnidaria |
hydras, jellyfish, sea anemones, corals |
|
characteristics of Cnidaria |
-have tissues but no organs -no nervous system just a nerve net -radial symmetry -no anus -polyp, medusa body plank |
|
what are predators of Cnidaria |
nematocyst like a harpoon |
|
what does it mean to be "polyp, medusa body plan" |
tentacles and mouth down (meduse) or up (polyp) |
|
what is a polyp body plan |
tentacles and mouth up |
|
what is a medusa body plan |
tentacles and mouth down |
|
what is mesoglea |
gelatnis type of materials |
|
characteristics of the flatworm phylum |
-bilateral symmetry -has tissues and organs -brain and simple nervous system -single opening to gut (no anus) -no coelum -some are free living -many are parasites -complex life cycles |
|
example of free living flatworms |
planaria |
|
characteristics of nematodes (round worms) |
-bilateral symmetry -complete digestive tract -mouth and anus -pseudocoelum -free living scavengers -some are human parasites |
|
what is a pseudocoelum |
has gut cavity but unlined |
|
parasitic diseases |
-pinworms - large intestines -hookworms - small intestines -trichinosis - raw pork with roundworm encysted in muscle -elphantiasis - lodges in lymph nodes |
|
what is trichinosis |
raw pork with roundworm encysted in muscle |
|
what is elephantiasis |
lodges in lymph nodes |
|
where do hook worms live |
small intestines and feed on blood, lay eggs, come out in feces |
|
where do pinworms go in
|
large intestines |
|
what are the different major groups within a kingdom called |
phyla |
|
animals with nematocysts are |
jelly fish |
|
cephalization refers to |
location of nervous tissue |
|
animals without a nervous system |
sponges |
|
all the animals without an anus |
cnidarians and flatworms |
|
the animal grou with medusa and polyp stages |
cnidarians |
|
animals extremely abundant in the soil |
nematodes |
|
tapeworms belong to the _______ phylum |
flatworm |
|
what are 3 terms that in combination distinguish animals from other kingdoms? |
mobile, multicellular, hetertrophs |
|
what are some flatworms that are parasitic |
blook flukes, tapeworms |
|
what are some diseases caused by roundworms |
pinworm, hookworm, trichinosis, elephantiasis |
|
what does it mean for a parasitic animal to have a complex life cycle? |
live in several different host animal species |
|
phyla are divided into 2 major evolutionary lines called what |
protostomes and deuterostomes |
|
difference of protostomes and deuterostomes |
based on pattern of embryonic development |
|
prostomes |
-mouth develops first |
|
examples of protostomes |
mollusks, annelids, arthropods |
|
deuterstomes |
-mouth develops seconds |
|
examples of deutersotomes |
echinoderms and chordates |
|
mollusks |
2nd largest phylums -4 groups |
|
what are the four groups of mollusks |
-gastropods: snails and slugs -chitons -bivalves: clams, oysters -cephalopods: octopus and squid |
|
mollusks characteristics |
-have a mantle -have a radula -many have a shell -most have a fleshy foot -gas exchange with gills |
|
what is a mantle |
cloak like tissue that overlays the body |
|
what is a radula |
feedign structure, rasplike |
|
chitons |
-marine animals -segmented shell (but no body) -grazers on algae |
|
gastropods (stomach foot) |
-snails and slugs - largest mollusk group -mostly marine, but snails are terrestrial |
|
bivalves |
-clams, oysters, mussels, and scallops -shells divided into two halves -bivalves are suspension feeders |
|
cephalopods |
-carnivores with beak like jaws -shell is reduced -closed circulatory systems (blood contained vessels) -well-developed nervous system with complex brains |
|
annelids in the phylum |
-earthworms, polychaetes, and leeches -segmented -live int he sea, most freshwater habitats and damp soil |
|
why are annelids segmented |
-allows fo rflexibility and movement -have appendages on segments |
|
annelids divided into 3 groups |
-earthworms -polychaetes -leeches |
|
what are polychaetes |
some dube welling filter feeder |
|
what are leeches |
-mostly freshwater -some land leeches -some are bloodsucking parasite |
|
arthropods |
largest phylum -4 major grous |
|
4 major groups of arthropods |
trilobites: extinct -crustaceans: shrimps, barnacles and crabs -insects, millipedes, and centipedes chelicerates: spiders, scorpions, ticks, mites, horseshoe crabs |
|
arthropod characteristics |
-jointed appendages -exoskeleton -segmentation -well developed nervous and sensory system -open circulatory system -division of labor |
|
what do the join appendages of arthropods do |
allow movement (legs, wings, antennae) |
|
what do the exoskeleton on an arthropods do |
hard, provides protection and prevents water loss -must be shed to grow |
|
what is segmentation in an arthropods |
segmetns specialized for different functions |
|
division of labor of arthropods |
-larva - feeding -adult- breeding |
|
arthropods: trilobites |
-went extinct 250 mya -little segmentation -many had compound eyes |
|
arthropods: chelicerates |
-named for their feeding appendages - chelicerae -many extinct -horseshoes crab - fossil |
|
chelicerae |
fangs or pincers |
|
ticks are responsible for |
lyme disease |
|
examples of arthropods: crustaceans |
-lobsters, crayfish, crabs, shrimp, barnacles, pillbugs |
|
arthropods: crustaceans |
-mostly marine -hard exoskeleton (crust) -multiple branched appendages that are specialized |
|
groups within crustaceans |
pillbugs and copepods |
|
what are pillbugs |
small, mostly marine, some found under rocks |
|
what are copepods |
-small, very numerous in aquatic systems -part of zooplankton |
|
another group of crustaceans |
lobsters, crayfish, crabs, shrimp |
|
lobsters, crayfish, crabs, shrimp |
large mostly marine (except crayfish) have planktonic larvae (krill) |
|
barnacles |
sessile -exoskeleton hardened into a shell -filter feeders |
|
arthropods: millipedes and centipedes |
centipedes: 1 pair of legs per segment - carnivore -millipedes: 2 pairs of legs per segment -feeds on decaying material |
|
centipedes |
-one pair of legs per segment -carnivores |
|
millipedes: |
2 pairs of legs per segment -feeds on decaying material |
|
arthropods: insects |
-outnumber all other forms of life in diversity -masters of land -ability to fly is one key to the great success of insects -many metamorphosis: larval feeding stage, adult breeding stage -reproduction: sexual with internal fertilization |
|
what insects were the first fliers |
dragonflies |
|
insects and humans |
-pollination of crops and fruit trees -disease spreading destruction of crops |
|
what diseases do insects spread |
malaria - mosquito African sleeping sickness - fly |
|
what disease do flies spread |
African sleeping sickness |
|
what disease do mosquitos spread |
malaria |
|
phylum chordates |
-deuterostomes -invertebrate chordates -vetebrate chordates |
|
two types of chordates |
-ivnertebrate chordates -vertebrate chordates |
|
invertebrate chordates |
-lancelets -tunicates |
|
vertebrate chordates |
-vertebrates: fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals |
|
characteristics of chordates |
-present in adult or embryonic stage 1. notochord 2. dorsal hollow nerve cord 3. pharynx with gill slits 4. postanal tail |
|
the Notochord |
-long flexible rod -in primitive vertebrates and the invertebrates chordates the notochord supports the adults -in most vertebrates a bony vertebral column evolved and only remnant of the notochord exist(e.g. gelatinous disk) |
|
dorsal hollow nerve cord |
-located along the back of the animal -spinal cord -head end becomes brain |
|
pharynx with slits |
-all chordate embryos open to the otuside through several pairs of slits located on the sides of the pharynx(throat) -water enters through mouth and out through gill slits -filter feeding devices in invertebrate chordates -modified for gas exchange and other functions during vertebrate evolution, e.g. gill slits in fish |
|
muscular postanal tail |
-locomotion -balance -our tail has been lost |
|
two groups of chordates without backbones |
-tunicates -lancelets |
|
tunicates
|
-sessile marine animals that adhere to rocks
-filter feeders with siphons -adult tunicate scarcely resemble a chordate but larva does |
|
lancelets |
-tiny marine animals -serial musculature is evidence of segmentation -segmentation in chordates evolved independently of segmentation in annelids and arthropods -most closely related to vertebrates |
|
cephalization characteristics |
-distinct brain -complex sensory systems -cranium -vertebral column |
|
examples of jawless vertebrates |
lampreys and hagfish
|
|
what does the vertebral column do |
-replaces the notochord as the main axis of the body -encloses the dorsal hollow nerve cord( spinal cord) |
|
examples of jawed vertebrates |
-chondrichthyes -osteichthyes -tetrapods -amniotes |
|
examples of chondrichthyes |
sharks and rays |
|
examples of osteichthyes |
bony fish |
|
examples of tetrapods |
amphibians |
|
examples of amniotes |
reptiles birds mammals |
|
jawless fish characteristics |
-most lack paired appendages -bottom dwelling filter feeders -extinct members with bony plates (ostracaderms) -species alive today -lamprey - parasitic suckers -hagfish - scavengers |
|
ostracaderms |
bony plates |
|
lamprey |
parasitic suckers |
|
hagfish |
scavengers |
|
Age of Fishes |
devonian (360-400 mya) |
|
key inovations |
-jaws: for better feeding -paired appendages: more maneuverable -became active predators -living groups have teeth |
|
Evolution of jaws |
-from skeletal rods that supported gill slits near the mouth. -gill slits no longer used for filter feeding but for gas exchange |
|
what were gill slits used for in the past |
filter feeding |
|
what are gill slits used for now |
gas exchange |
|
cartilaginous fish: chondrichthyes |
-sharks - many are predators -rays -flattened bottom feeders -englarged pectoral fins that allow them to "fly" through the water |
|
cartilaginous fish characteristics |
-endoskeleton made of cartilage strengthened with calcified granules -have jaws and paired fins -no lungs or swim bladder - must keep swimming to keep from sinking |
|
bony fishes: osteichthyes |
-most numerous group of vertebrates in number of individuals and species -bony scales and slimy skin -have a swim bladder (air sac) that maintains buoyancy (evolved from lungs) |
|
how does respiration occur in osteichthyes |
by drawing water over 4-5 pairs of gills -covered by a flap called an operculum |
|
subgroups of bony fish |
ray-finned fish lobe-finned fish and lungfish |
|
what is the most numerous group of bony fish |
ray-finned |
|
characteristics of lobe-finned fish |
fleshy base to fin- bones inside |
|
what is the only living lobefinned fish |
coelacanth |
|
lungfish characteristic |
live in stagnant ponds, gulp air |
|
tetrapods: amphibians |
-1st vetebrates on land -oldest fossils in late devonian -carboniferous (363-290 mya) Age of Amphibians |
|
1st vertebrates on land |
amphibians |
|
oldest fossils in late devonian |
amphibians |
|
three subgroups of amphibians |
-salamanders -frogs and toads - largest group -legless caecilians |
|
what does amphibian mean |
two lives (land and water) |
|
characteristics of land and water |
-most are closely tied to water -many frogs and toads have legless larval stage and an adult stage -amphibian egg has no shell and dehydrates quickly in dry air -fertilization is external in frogs -inefficient lungs - most breathe through skin |
|
how do amphibians breathe |
through skin |
|
amniotes |
-reptiles, birds, and mammals -amniotic egg -adaptation for terrestial living -shell prevents drying out -uterus replaces shell in mammals' -embryo bathed in amniotic fluids |
|
examples of amniotes |
reptiles, birds, and mammals |
|
what are amniotic eggs for in amniotes |
adaptation for terrestrial living |
|
what does the shell do for amniotes |
prevents drying out |
|
reptiles |
-much more adapted to a terrestrial than amphibians -scaltes or plates of keratin covered the body to prevent dehydration -breath with lungs -most reptiles lay their eggs on land |
|
are reptiles of amphibians more adapted to terrestrial life |
reptiles |
|
how do reptiles prevent dehydration |
scales or plates of keratin cover the body |
|
how do reptiles breathe |
with lungs |
|
where do most reptiles lay their eggs |
on land |
|
what kind of fertilization do reptiles have |
internal fertizliation |
|
do reptiles regulate body temp with metabolism |
no |
|
what are ectotherms |
"cold blooded" -use behavioral activities to regulate temperature |
|
what are examples of ectotherms |
reptiles |
|
how do reptiles regulate temperature |
use behavioral activities (eg. lay in sun) |
|
mesozoic era |
age of reptiles -much warmer than today |
|
reptiles that arent with us |
pterosaurs and dinosaurs |
|
what are pterosaurs |
flying reptiles |
|
what are dinasaurs |
terrestiral -probably agile and fast moving -endothermic? -complex behavior -largest was 100 ft long and as tall as 4 elephants |
|
present day reptiles |
turtles, lizards and snakes, alligators and crocodilians |
|
turtles |
have changed little over time |
|
what are the most numerous reptiles
|
lizards
|
|
what reptile can sense chemicals, heat and vibrations |
snakes |
|
largest crocodilians and alligators were how long |
40 ft long (extinct) |
|
birds |
distinguished by having feathers -retain reptiles characteristics such as scaly legs and amniotic egg |
|
archaeopteryx |
150 mya in the jurassic -had clawed forelimbs, teeth -long tail with vertebrae -not direct ancestor of modern birds -evidence mpoints to modern birds being from bipedal dinosaurs |
|
what group gave rise to modern birds |
evidenc epoints to small bipedal dinosaurs |
|
evolution of birds |
flight was beneficial |
|
why was flight beneficial for birds |
-exploitation of flying insects for food -better escape from land-bound predators -migration |
|
what does evolution of flight require |
radical alterations in body form |
|
characteristics of bird |
-anatomy modified to enhance flight, hollow bones -wings covered with feathers made of keratin |
|
bird anatomy |
-sternal keel for anchoring wing muslces -beak made of keratin -efficient lungs and air sacs -endothermic |
|
what are birds beaks made of |
keratin |
|
what are birds sternal keel for |
anchoring win muscles |
|
primary distinguishing characteristics of mammals |
-have hair (keratin) -mammary gland -endothermic -teeth differentiated for different functions |
|
what are hair made out of |
keratin |
|
what happened to mammals when dinosaurs became extinct |
underwent extensive adaptive radiation
- |
|
what have mammals evolved from |
reptiles |
|
when do the oldest fossils of mammals date back to |
220 mya |
|
how were mamals during the age of the dinosaurs |
small and probably nocturnal |
|
major gruops of mammals |
monotremes -marsupials -placentals |
|
monotremes |
-the platypuses and the echidnas lay eggs -have hair and milk |
|
what are echidnas (spinhy anteaters monotremes eggs |
reptilian in structure and development |
|
where are monotremes found |
australia and ne wguinea |
|
marsupials expamlpes |
opossums (n america) -kangaroos, koalas (australia) |
|
marsupials characteristics |
-embryonic development is completed in a maternal puch called a marsupium -babies born very early in their development -marsupials arose in north america and spread to S. America and Australia -replaced by placental mammals -australia isolated from invasion by placental mammals mammals |
|
what replaced marsupials |
placental mammals |
|
when are marsupial babies born in development |
early |
|
placental mammals |
-compelte embryonic development within the uterus-joined to mother by placenta -placentals arose in Asia about the same time as marsupials -out-competed marsupials in most areas |
|
major groups of mammals |
-insectivores - shrews and bats -herbivors - rabbits, horses, deer, whales] -carnivors - cats and dogs -rodents (rats and squirrels -primates (monkeys, apes and humansJ) |
|
two deuterostomes phylum |
echinoderms -chordates |
|
examples of echinoderms |
sea stars etc. |
|
examplse of chordates |
vertebrates and others |
|
in echinoderms what does echin and derm mean |
-echin means "spiny" -derma means "skin" |
|
general characteristics of echinoderms |
-marine animals -radial symmetry as adults but bilateral as larvae -internal and external parts radiate from the center (often as five spokes) -endoskeleton of hard calcareous plates |
|
characteristics of echinoderms |
-tube feet as part of a "water vascular system" -network of hydraulic canals that function in locomotion, feeding and gas exchange |
|
do echinoderms have a brain and nervous system |
no brain, have a nervous system |
|
can echinoderms regenerate body parts |
yes |
|
what is the surface of echinoderms like |
surface covered with spines ( to protect against predators) |
|
groups within echinoderms |
sea stars brittle stars -sea urchins and sand dollars -sea lillies -sea cucumbers |
|
description of sea stars |
-5 arms -predators to shelled animals -creep along on tube feet |
|
brittle stars |
tube feet without suckers
|
|
sea urchins and sand dollars |
-no arms -sea urchins covered with long spikes |
|
sea lilies |
ancient group |
|
sea cucumbers |
endoskeleton reduced |
|
evolutionary trend sin primates |
-early primates were arboreal -primates have limber shoulder joints for brachiation -dexterous hands -claws were replaced by nails -eyes are close together in the front of face -hand eye coordination -parental care -most primates have single births -nurture their offspring for a long time |
|
when are primates from |
55 mya |
|
human evolution |
-unique combination of features -bipedal -large brain, high intelligence -extensive tool use -complex language |
|
what are humans relatively close to |
chimps |
|
when did the common ancestor of chimps and humans live |
5-7 million years ago |
|
what is human evolution like |
a branched bush rather than a ladder |
|
what is the traditional view of evolution |
incrementalism |
|
where did human evolution begin |
Africa |
|
"Lucy" founded when |
3.2 mya |
|
what was significant about Lucy |
it was bipedal |
|
autralopithecus from when |
4 mya |
|
autralopithecus footprints found when |
3.5 mya |
|
autralopithecus had what kind of brains |
small |
|
autralopithecus forms |
several different forms arose and coexisted |
|
what did the genus Homo arise from |
a branch of autralopithecus |
|
homo habilis |
-2.5 mya -used tools -coexisted with autralopithecus |
|
homo hablilis brain size |
increasing |
|
homo erectus |
1.5 mya -colonized Europe and Asia -used fire -still larger brain |
|
H. neanderthalensis |
-appeared about 200,000 years ago -lived in Europe and W. Asia -went extinct about 30,000 years ago |
|
homo sapiens |
-emerged in Africa about 200,000 years ago -spread to all continent -sophisticated tools -cave art -symbolic thought (more sophisticated language) -did they outcompete (or kill) other existing hominid species? |
|
where did homo erectus migarte out of |
Africa -present in Europe, Africa and Asia |
|
Multiregionalism hypothesis |
did populations in each area give rise independently to modern humans |
|
Out of Africa hypothesis |
did modern humans evolve in Africa and spread and areplace Homo erectus in Europe and Asia? |
|
DNA evidence suggests what about modern humans that came out of Africa when? |
100,000-200,000 years |
|
the coelulm is associated with |
the body cavity |
|
protostomes and deuterostomes all have a coelum |
true |
|
a mantle is found on what group |
mollusk |
|
what size group are the mollusks |
2nd largest |
|
which of the following is not an annelid |
centipede |
|
which of the following is not a crustacean |
horseshoes crab |
|
which of the following is not an arachnid |
millipedes |
|
most of the crustaceans live in |
the ocean |
|
how many pairs of legs do insects typically have |
three |
|
which of the following is not a protostomes |
sand dollar |
|
which of the following is not an echinoderm |
barnacle |
|
the difference between protostomes and deutersotomes has to do with the difference in __________ and how the ___________ is formed |
embryonic development; mouth |
|
in mollusks, the radula is used for |
feeding |
|
which of the following mollusks does not have a shell |
slugs |
|
clams and oysters belong to what mollusk group |
bivalves |
|
what is the advantage of segmentation |
flexibility and mobility |
|
what is the largest animal phylum in terms of number of species |
arthropods |
|
what are 2 adaptations that have contributed to the success of arthropods |
jointed appendages, exoskeleton, segmentation, well developed nervous system, and sensory system, larva-adult |
|
in insects the larval stage specializes in ________ whereas, the adult stage specializes in __________ |
feeding, breeding |
|
which of the following is an extinct arthropod group |
trilobites |
|
what complications for growth result from having an exoskeleton |
have to shed your skeleton to grow leaving you vulnerable |
|
centipedes differ in their number of _________ and how they ___________? |
pairs of legs; feed |
|
identify the main body segments of an insect |
head, thorax, abdomen |
|
what is a feature of adult echinoderms taht is similiar to more primitive groups |
radial symmetry |
|
what is the system by which echinoderms move |
hydraulic |
|
some chordates are invertebrates |
true |
|
the placoderms are |
an extinct group of armored fish |
|
tunicates are mobile as adults |
false |
|
tunicates and lencelets make their living as |
filter feeders |
|
amphibians evolved from |
lobe-finned fish |
|
some fish have lungs |
true |
|
which of the following is not a feature common to all chordates |
vertebrae |
|
name 2 invertebrates chordates |
lancelets and tunicates |
|
in vertebrates, the vertebrae become the main element that give the animal structure rather than the _____________ |
notochord |
|
jaws evolved from |
support for gill slits |
|
what structures do fish use for respiration |
gills |
|
what are the 2 main groups of jawless fish today |
hagfish and lamprey |
|
name 2 different groups of cartilaginous fish |
sharks and rays |
|
what vertebrate group is the most diverse |
fish |
|
what are 3 main subgroups of amphibians |
salamanders, toads and frogs, cecilians |
|
what are 2 of the main groups of present day reptiles |
turtles, crocodiles, snakes, lizards
|
|
what are 2 of the adaptations that allow reptiles to colonize dry habitats |
scaly skin, breathe with lungs, lay eggs on land, internal fertilization |
|
besides using their skin as a body covering, what else do amphibians use their skin for |
they breathe through their skin |
|
what vertebrate groups have amniote eggs |
mammals, birds, reptiles |
|
the characteristics that distinguish mammals from other vertebrates are |
hair and mammary glands |
|
the 3 groups of mammals are |
marsupials, placentals, monotreme |
|
the feature that is different in monotremes is that they __________ |
lay eggs |
|
mammals diversified about 65 million years ago after ___________ |
the extinctions of the dinasaurs |
|
what is our closest living relative |
chimps |
|
australopitheciens appeared about |
4 mya |
|
australopithecine fossils are found in ________ |
africa |
|
which feature of himnids was first to evolve |
bipedalism |
|
for periods of hominid history, more than 1 species of hominid lvied simultaneously |
true |
|
lucy was a |
australopithecine |
|
which of the following species came first in hominid phylogeny |
homo habilis |
|
neaderthals became extinct about ___________ years ago |
30,000 |
|
the genus homo originated in _____ |
Africa |
|
what are 4 features that form a unique combination in humans |
bipedal, large brain, tool use, complex language |
|
the earlisest hominids were |
australopithecines |
|
how would the multiregionalism hypothesis explain modern races of humans |
modern races evolved from local Homo erectus populations living in different regions that became Homo sapiens |
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how would the "out of africa" hypothesis explain different races? |
races came from Homo sapiens populations that migrated from Africa and settled in different regions and became locally adapted and may have eliminated the Homo erectus populations that lived there |
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the different major groups within kingdoms are callled |
phyla |
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cephalization refers to |
location of nervous tissue |
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animals with nematocysts are |
jelly fish |
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animals without a nervous system |
sponges |
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all the animals without an anus |
cnidarians and flatworms |
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the animal group with medusa and polyp stages |
cnidarians |
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the animals are extremely abundant in the soil |
nematodes |
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tape worms belong to the ______ phylum |
flatworm |
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which of the following does not show some cephalization |
hydra |
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what are 3 terms taht in combination distinguish aniamls from other kingdoms |
mobiles, multicellular, heterotrophs |
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what are some flatworms that are parasitic |
blood flukes, tapeworms |
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what are some diseases caused by roundworms |
pinworm, hookworm, trichinosis, elephantiasis |
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what does it mean for a parasitic animal to have a comlex life cycle |
live in several different host animal species |