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79 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Acid |
A substance that increases the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution. |
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Active transport |
The ATP requiring movement of substances across a membrane against their concentration gradient. |
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Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) |
A nucleotide composed of adenine, the sugar ribose, and three phosphate groups that can be hydrolyzed to release energy. Form of energy used by cells. |
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Aerobic respiration |
Cellular respiration that uses oxygen as the electron acceptor. |
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Scientific Data |
Information based on one person’s personal experience. |
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Atom |
The smallest unit of matter that retains the properties of an element. |
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Base |
A substance that reduces the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution. |
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Biology |
The study of living organisms. |
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Calorie |
Amount of energy required to raise the temperature of one gram of water by one degree Celsius. A kilocalorie or 1,000 Calories. |
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Carbohydrate |
Energy rich molecule that is the major source of energy for the cell. |
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Cell |
Basic unit of life; an organism’s fundamental building block units. |
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Citric Acid Cycle |
A chemical cycle occurring in the matrix of the mitochondria that breaks the remains of sugars down to produce carbon dioxide. |
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Complementary Base Pairing |
Bases that pair with each other by hydrogen bonding across the DNA helix. A rule governing the pairing of nitrogenous bases. |
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Control |
Subject for an experiment who is similar to the experimental subject except is not exposed to the experimental treatment. |
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Placebo |
Sham treatments in experiments. |
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Correlation |
Describes the relationship between two factors. |
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Causation |
The reason in which one factor affects/creates another. |
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Dehydration |
The loss of water. |
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Covalent Bond |
A type of strong chemical bond in which two atoms share electrons. |
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Diffusion |
The spontaneous movement of substances from a region of their higher concentration to a region of their lower concentration. |
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DNA |
Molecule of heredity that stores the information required for making all the proteins required by the cell. |
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RNA |
Information carrying molecule composed of nucleotides. |
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Electron |
A negatively charged subatomic particle. |
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Element |
A substance that cannot be broken down into any other substance. |
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Enzyme |
Protein that catalyzes and regulates the rate of metabolic reactions. |
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Eukaryotic |
Cell that has a nucleus and membrane-bounded organelles. |
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Fluid mosaic |
The accepted model for how membranes are structured with proteins ‘bobbing in a sea’ of phospholipids. |
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Global Warming |
The increase in average temperatures as a result of the release of increased amounts of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. |
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Glycolysis |
The splitting of glucose into pyruvate, which helps drive the synthesis of small amounts of ATP. |
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Greenhouse Effect |
The retention of heat in the atmosphere by carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases. |
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Homeostasis |
The steady state condition an organism works to maintain. |
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Hydrogen bond |
A weak chemical bond in which a hydrogen atom of one molecule is attracted to an electronegative atom of another molecule. |
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Hydrogen Ion |
The positively charged ion of hydrogen formed by the removal of the electron from the hydrogen atom. |
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Hydrophilic |
Readily dissolving in water. |
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Hydrophobic |
Unable to dissolve in water. |
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Hypothesis |
Tentative explanation for an observation that requires testing to validate. |
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Independent Variable |
A factor whose value influences the value of the dependent variable, but is not influenced by it. |
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Dependent Variable |
The variable in a study that is expected to change in response to changes in the independent variable. |
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Inductive Reasoning |
A logical process that argues from specific instances to a general conclusion. |
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Deductive Reasoning |
Making a prediction about the outcome of a test. If/then statements. |
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Ionic bond |
A chemical bond resulting from the attraction of oppositely charged ions. |
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Lipid |
Hydrophobic molecule (including fats, phospholipids, and steroids). |
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Macromolecule |
Any of the large molecules including polysaccharides, proteins and nucleic acids, composed of subunits joined by dehydration synthesis. |
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Macronutrient |
Nutrient required in large quantities. |
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Metabolism |
All of the physical and chemical reactions that produce and use energy. |
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Micronutrients |
Nutrient required in small quantities. |
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Mineral |
Inorganic nutrient essential to many cell functions. |
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Molecule |
To or more atoms held together by covalent bonds. |
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Neutral |
Neither acidic nor basic. |
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Neutron |
An electrically neutral particle found in the nucleus of an atom. |
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Non-polar |
Won’t dissolve in water, hydrophobic |
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Nucleic acid |
Polymers of nucleotides that comprise of DNA and RNA. |
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Nutrient |
Substances that provide nourishment. |
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Osmosis |
The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane. |
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pH |
A logarithmic measure of the hydrogen ion concentration ranging from 0-14. |
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Phospholipid |
One of three types of lipids- a component of the cell membrane. |
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Phosphorylation |
To introduce a phosphoryl group into an organic compound. |
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Photosynthesis |
Process by which plants, along with algae and some bacteria, transform light energy into chemical energy. |
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Polar |
Describes a molecule with regions having different charges. Capable of ionizing. |
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Prediction |
Results expected from a particular test of a hypothesis if the hypothesis were true. |
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Prokaryotic |
Type of cell that does not have a nucleus or membrane-bounded organelles. |
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Protein |
Cellular constituent made of amino acids coded for by genes. |
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Cancer |
A disease that occurs when cell division escapes regulatory controls. |
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Tumor |
A mass of tissue that has no apparent function in the body. |
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Malignant |
A cancerous tumor whether it is invasive or metastatic. |
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Tumor Suppressor |
Cellular protein that stops tumor formation by suppressing cell division. |
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Cell Division |
The process a cell undergoes when it makes copies of itself. |
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Checkpoint |
Stoppage during cell division that occurs to confirm said cell division is proceeding correctly. |
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DNA Replication |
The synthesis of two daughter DNA molecules from one original parent molecule. |
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Gamete |
Specialized sex cell that contains half as many chromosomes as other body cells. As a result is haploid. |
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Gene |
Discrete unit of heritable information about genetic traits. |
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Genes |
Contain a sequence of DNA that codes for a specific polypeptide. |
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Homologeous Pair |
A set of two chromosomes of the same size and shape with centromeres in the same position. |
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Mitosis |
The division of the nucleus that produces daughter cells that are genetically identical to the parent cell. Is also the portion of the cell in which DNA is apportioned into two daughter cells. |
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Meiosis |
The process that diploid sex cells undergo in order to produce haploid daughter cells. Occurs during gametogenesis. |
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Sex Chromosomes |
Any of the sex-determining chromosomes. ie. X and Y |
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Alleles |
Alternative versions of the same genes. Produced by mutations. |
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Autosome |
Non-sex chromosome, of which there are 19 pairs in humans. |
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Anecdotal Evidence |
Information based on another person’s personal experience. |