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49 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Two points of Cell Theory: |
1. all living organisms are composed of cells 2. basic unit of structure and organization in organisms |
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What is Cell Theory?? |
states that all living things are composed of cells and that all cells come from earlier cells |
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3 main parts of a cell |
Plasma Membrane Nucleus Cytoplasm |
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Cell surface area must be small so.... |
that wastes don't build up and so nutrients and gases needed can get into the cell in time to use them |
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What are Two types of cells? |
Animal Cell: has Centriole and lysosome not in most plant cells Plant Cells: central vacuole, cell wall, and chloroplast are not in animal cells |
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What are parts of Prokaryotic Cells? |
Prokaryotic Cell: Plasma membrane of identical structure. Cytoplasm occupies entire interim of the cell. Single cellular chromosomes in nuclei region. Both have ribosomes, but the structure differs a little. First evolved 3.5 billion years ago. Smaller and simpler, no membrane bound organelles most are surrounded by cell walls some have capsules, pili, and/or flagella. |
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What are parts of Eukaryotic Cells? |
-Eukaryotic Cells: Cytoplasm occupies the region between the nucleus and the plasma membrane, one of more linear chromosomes in nucleus. Ribosomes evolved approximately 2.1 billon years ago, larger more complex, membrane bound organelles (for example, nucleus and ER), plant cells surrounded by cell walls; animal cells surrounded by extracellular matrix. |
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Function of Nucleus? |
Houses DNA,a prominent structure within the nucleus, is the site where the components of ribosomes are made. |
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Function of Cytoplasm |
the region of the cell outside the nucleus and within the plasma membrane. |
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Function of Ribosomes |
small blue dots in the cells and outside of the nucleus. Responsible for protein synthesis. |
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Function of Golgi |
works closely with the ER, an organelle the receives, refines, stores, and distributes chemical products. |
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Function of ER |
rough Er; refers to Ribosomes that stud the outside of the membrane. Smooth ER; refers to the fact that this organelle lacks the ribosomes that populate the surface of rough ER. |
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Function of Lysosomes |
a membrane that sac of digestive enzymes found in animal cells. |
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Function of Cytoskeleton |
a network of protein fibers extending through out the cytoplasm |
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Function of Cilia and Flagella |
Flagella: propel cells with an undulating, whiplike motion Cilia: are generally shorter and more numerous than flagella and move in a coordinated back and forth motion. |
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Function of Mitochondria |
cellular respiration takes place; during cellular respiration, energy is harvested from sugars and transformed into another chemical called ATP. |
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Function of Chloroplasts |
which are unique to the photosynthetic cells of plants and algae are the organelles that perform photosynthesis. |
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Function of Centriole |
help with cell division in animal cells; formation of spindle fibers that separate chromosomes |
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Structure and Function of the Plasma/Cell Membrane |
Looks like a “fluid mosaic” (flexible conglomerate of lipids, proteins, cholesterols, etc. |
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Selectively permeable through |
the lipids and by the protein ‘gates’ |
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Proteins in the membrane have special functions |
enzymatic, transport (for active transport), attachment on the outside of the cell, and makes junctions! |
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What makes rough ER rough? |
Ribosomes that std the outside of the membrane |
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Energy related organelles in cells |
mitochondria and chloroplast |
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Animals have which organelles not seen in plants |
Centriole and lysosomes |
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Plants have which organelles not seen in animals |
Central vacuole, cell wall, chloroplast |
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Potential Energy? |
The energy an object has because of it location and structure |
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Kinetic Energy? |
Chemical energy converted from food energy of motion |
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1st Law of Thermodynamic - 2nd Law of Thermodynamics= |
The first law, also known as Law of Conservation of Energy, states that energy cannot be created or destroyed in an isolated system. The second law of thermodynamics states that the entropy of any isolated system always increases. The third law of thermodynamics states that the entropy of a system approaches a constant value as the temperature approaches absolute zero. |
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Entropy is the measure |
of disorder |
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Metabolism |
Total of all the chemical reaction in an organisms |
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Calorie |
The amount of chemical energy that can raise the temp of 1 gram of water by 1 degree C |
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Where does oxygenated Cellular Respiration happen in the cell? |
Mitochondria |
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Three steps to Cellular Respiration |
1. Glycolysis 2. Citric Acid Cycle 3. Electron Transport |
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What is the energy mouse of cells? |
ATP |
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What are enzymes and how do the function, factors that affect enzyme activity. |
Speed up chemical reactions would being consumed by those reactors |
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Hypertonic |
excess solute outside the cell causes cell to lose water hypotonic: low solute outside the cell causes cell to take in water |
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Isotonic: |
equal water and solute inside and outside of the cell |
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Passive transport processes |
examples diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis |
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Active Transport across the cell membrane: |
associated with accumulating high concentrations of molecules that the cells needs, such as glucose and amino acids. |
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Endocytosis? Exocytosis? |
1.is a form of active transport in which a cell transports molecules (such as proteins) into the cell (endo- + cytosis) by engulfing them in an energy-using process. 2.materials are exported out of the cell via secretory vesicles |
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Producers= |
Autotrophs
-make all their own organic molecules |
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Consumers=
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Heterotrophs
- cannot make all organic molecules |
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Cellular Respiration is the breaking down |
of food or chemical energy to convert it into ATP (a usable form of energy). |
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What are two ways to get glucose to break down? |
-With O2
-Without O2 |
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How many ATPS would you have at the end of aerobic cellular respiration?
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32
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Of the three main stages of Cellular Respiration which occurs in the Cytosol/Cytoplasm?
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Glycolysis (occurs in the cytoplasm)One glucose is split into two pyruvates (C3H4O3). 4 ATP are produced, but 2 endergonic reactions use up 2 ATP.Glycolysis requires no oxygen, and occurs whether oxygen is present or not.Glycolysis occurs in all living cells.Fermentation follows glycolysis in anaerobic conditions. Fermentation is not part of aerobic cellular respiration.Fermentation occurs in the cytoplasm.The purpose of fermentation is to prevent the accumulation of pyruvate, and to prevent the depletion of the NADox pool.There is more than one kind of fermentation. |
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What is Fermentation? |
Anaerobe- does use oxygen Aerobe- must use oxygen |
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What is Entrophy? |
is the measure of the amount of disorder |
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Who first describe the cell?
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Robert Hook
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