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36 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Liver |
- three lobes: right lobe, left anterior, left posterior - lobes connect to hepatic portal system - secretes bile -/ emulsify fats |
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Gallbladder |
- underneath liver - stores bile, releases to small intestine |
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Stomach |
- stores food and mixes with enzymes to begin digestion - has pyloric sphincter: hard muscular valve which connects to small intestine - fundus, body, antrum |
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Esophagus |
- leads from frog mouth to stomach - divided from stomach by cardia and cardiac sphincter |
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Small intestine |
- main organ for digestion and absorption - duodenum, jejunum, ileum |
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Large intestine |
- stores and absorbs water from undigested food - food exits to cloaca |
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Pancreas |
- secretes insulin and glucagon for sugar metabolism - behind stomach |
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Heart intro |
- one ventricle - mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood - inefficient |
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Types of frog respiration |
- pulmonary: lungs - cutaneous: skin and linings of mouth |
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Lungs |
- left and right - beneath liver |
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Heart |
- enclosed by pericardium - three chambers: left and right atrium, ventricle |
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Arterial system |
- pumps oxygenated blood away from heart (CSP) - ventricle -/ arterial trunk/truncus arteriosus -/ (1) carotid artery (2) pulmocutaneous artery -/ cutaneous artery for cutaneous respiration && pulmonary artery for lungs (3) systemic arteries -/ joins dorsal aorta && branches celiaco-mesenteric artery, urogenital artery, common iliac artery (after kidney) -/ hypogastric artery (bladder, intestine), femoral artery and sciatic artery |
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Venous system |
- pumps deoxygenated blood back to heart, either through: (1) lower area of body -/ ventral abdominal vein and so on (2) renal portal vein (kidneys -/ renal vein -/ posterior vena cava -/ sinus venosus) |
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Overall circulatory system |
- oxygen-poor blood from venous system -/ RA -/ V -/ lungs, oxygenated (some body) -/ LA -/ systemic arteries (some lungs) -/ capillaries |
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Kidneys |
- filter blood - excrete urine - connected to urinary bladder by ureters |
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Adrenal glands |
- thin white band above kidneys - secrete hormones for salt-water balance and fight or flight response |
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Cloaca |
- excretes urine |
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Testes |
- on top of kidney - produce sperm -/ sperm ducts -/ cloaca |
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Ovaries |
- next to kidneys - filled with eggs (ova) - connected to oviducts |
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Oviducts |
- wider and thinner than intestine - connect ovaries to two uteruses - uteruses: extensions at end of oviducts - lead to cloaca |
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Major arteries and veins heart connects to |
- aorta - systemic arteries - dorsal aorta - renal arteries |
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Hepatic portal system |
- posterior to heart - all blood flows here so toxins can be removed - Venous system which receives blood from: - urinary bladder - ventral wall of abdomen |
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Aorta |
- main artery that carries blood from heart - splits into two arches to form dorsal aorta - dorsal aorta connects to renal arteries |
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Fat body |
- on top of kidney - for hibernation and estivation |
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Pithing needle |
- used to immobilize frog - inserted through dorsal side |
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Dissection scissors |
- used to cut through lose tissues - blunt and sharp end |
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Scalpel |
- cuts through different tissues -/ muscle and skin - used with dissection forceps |
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Dissection forceps |
- grasp tissue to expose for cutting |
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Dissection pan and pins |
- aluminum tray filled with wax - pins can be placed to hold flaps and position limbs |
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Frog dissection steps |
1) pithing 2) skinning |
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Pithing |
- damages connection of spinal cord to brain - immobilizes frog, but does not kill it - sensory signals do not reach brain |
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Skinning |
- reveals internal anatomy of frog |
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Pithing steps |
1) dorsal position, pinned down to aluminum tray 2) press down on Point A - head 3) insert pithing needle at Point B - great foramen, at base of skull 4) rotate needle to make sure connection is severed 5) check connection by poking shank with needle |
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Skinning steps (1-4) |
1) ventral position 2) use scalpel/scissors to cut from posterior to anterior of midsaggital (middle of ventral) region - use forceps to grip skin - (CBA midsaggital) A: thighs, B: arms, C: lower jaw/throat 3) A: two distal cuts per thigh, insert curved finger and use circular motion to loosen skin from muscle; same in B and C 4) cut skin peeled away, but leave abdomen intact |
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Skinning steps (5-9) |
5) dorsal position 6) fold excess skin over back 7) cut from left -/ center -/ right (pi) 8) peel away backside skin 9) peel off arm skin like gloves |
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Frog vertebral column |
- nine vertebrae and urostyle - 1: atlas, articulates with skull - 2: axis - 3-8: typical - 9: sacral, articulates with pelvic girdle - urostyle: terminal rod-like structure |