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634 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Process of changing the shape of the lens in order to focus the eyes
|
accommodation of the lens
|
|
to which "layer" of the eye does the cilliary processes belong
|
Vascular layer
|
|
the muscle which contracts or closes the pupil
|
sphincter pupillae
|
|
processes by which the pupils contract or dilate in response to amount of light the eyes are exposed to
|
accomodation pupillary reflex or pupillary reflex
|
|
which of the papillae are very large and located on the posterior part of the tongue
|
circumvallate papillae
|
|
the cilliary processes and muscle make up what structure
|
cilliary body
|
|
where is the primary visual center of the brain located
|
occipital lobe
|
|
the hole through the iris through which light must pass
|
pupil
|
|
part of the eye which gives the eye their externally seen color
|
iris
|
|
what happens to the photoreceptor's cell membranes once the cation channels close
|
hyperpolarization
|
|
in the spiral organ of corti, the lower chamber is known as:
|
scala tympani
|
|
which of the autonomic nervous systems causes the pupil to dilate
|
sympathetic
|
|
what is the function of the cGMP in the retina
|
locks cation channels OPEN
|
|
another name for the cilliary zonule is:
|
suspensory ligament
|
|
outer clear layer of the eye is known as the
|
cornea
|
|
these muscles change the shape of the lens to regulate focusing
|
cilliary muscles
|
|
the clinical term for nearsightedness
|
myopia
|
|
which of the autonomic nervous systems stimulates the sphincter pupillae
|
parasympathetic
|
|
the degeneration of the ossicles making them immobile is a condition known as
|
ostosclerosis
|
|
the muscle which opens or widens the pupill
|
dilator pupillae
|
|
in the photoreceptors, this compund bins to an locks open special cation channels
|
cyclic guanosine monophosphate or cGMP
|
|
the cord-like structures that hold the lens in place are known as
|
cilliary zonule or suspensory ligament
|
|
during close-in focusing, do the zonule fibers contract or loosen
|
loosen
|
|
during close-in focusing, do the cilliary muscles contract or relax
|
contract
|
|
in the photoreceptors, cyclic guanosine monophosphate causes the influx of which ions
|
sodium and calcium
|
|
do the pupils constrict or dilate in response to an increase in light intensity
|
constrict
|
|
which of the three layers of the retina is closest to the light source (lines the inside of the vitreous chamber)
|
ganglion cells
|
|
what is produced by the cilliary processes
|
aqueous humor
|
|
in the spiral organ of corti, the floor of scala vestibuli or roof of the cochlear duct is known as
|
vestibular
|
|
for distant focusing, does the lens flatten or become more rounded
|
flattens
|
|
which structures moves aqueous humor
|
scleral venous sinus
|
|
the point of the retina which possesses the highest concentration of cones for detailed color analysis
|
fovea centralis
|
|
which of the autonomic nervous systems stimulates the dilator pupillae
|
sympathetic
|
|
in the spiral organ of corti, the upper chamber is known as
|
scala vestibuli
|
|
where ever you look, the lens changes shape to place the focal point on the eye
|
fovea centralis
|
|
specialized cells which respond to light
|
photoreceptors
|
|
receptors that monitor blood pressure
|
baroreceptors
|
|
the small finger like protrusion from the cilliary body
|
cilliary processes
|
|
what nerve innervates the vestibule
|
vestibular part of the vestibulocochlear nerve
|
|
for close-in focusing, do the eyes converge medially or are the directed straight ahead
|
converge medially
|
|
the space between the cornea and the iris is called
|
anterior chamber
|
|
the cone-shaped indentation of the retina
|
macula lutea
|
|
a disease of the inner ear leading to vertigo, nausea, and vomiting all due to disruption of balance centers
|
menier's syndrome
|
|
specifically, which muscle causes the pupil to dilate
|
dilator pupillae
|
|
to which "layer" of the eye does the cilliary body belong
|
vascular layer
|
|
once glutamate is NOT released from the photoreceptor, what effect is seen in the bipolar cells
|
they aren't allowed to stimulate the ganglion cells
|
|
these are located in the external auditory canal and produce ear wax
|
cerumenous glands
|
|
the eare where the optic nerve exits the eye is known as
|
optic disc or blind spot
|
|
name the fluid that fills the osseous labyrinth
|
perilymph
|
|
the sensory receptors within the spiral organ of corti, which send an action potential to the spiral ganglion
|
hair cells
|
|
what are the most common causes of sensoineural deafness
|
chronic infection or exposure to loud noises
|
|
the apex of the cone shaped indentation of the retina is known as the
|
fovea centralis
|
|
the sclera and the cornea make up what "layer" of the eye
|
fibrous layer
|
|
the large chamber in the back of the eye is filled by a gelatinous material
|
posterior segment or vitreous chamber
|
|
when the cilliary muscles contract, do the zonule fibers tighten or loosen
|
loosen
|
|
to which "layer" of the eye does the choroid belong
|
vascular layer
|
|
without the cGMP, what happens to the photoreceptors cell membranes
|
cation channels close
|
|
the process by which, when in the dark, the eyes become more sensitive to light
|
dark adaption
|
|
the external ear is known as
|
auricle or pinna
|
|
in which lobe of the brain is the auditory cortex located
|
temporal lobe
|
|
chambers within bone that contain the membranous labyrinth
|
osseous labyrinth
|
|
an increase in which of the autonomic nervous systems control distant focusing
|
sympathetic
|
|
what is the function of the utricle and saccule
|
static equilibrium
|
|
the scientific name of the eardrum is
|
tympanic membrane
|
|
which structures in the inner ear regulate dynamic equilibrium
|
semicircular canals
|
|
which of the photoreceptor cells respond to colors
|
cones
|
|
tiny equilibrium receptors containing stone-like structures, used to detect body positions while stationary are known as
|
macule
|
|
which of the photoreceptor cells are more numerous in the periphery of the retina
|
rods
|
|
name the fluid that fills the membranous labyrinth
|
endolymph
|
|
do the pupils constrict of dilate in response to close-in focusing
|
constrict
|
|
which compound is broken down by light in the photoreceptors
|
rhodopsin
|
|
to which "layer" of the eye do the photoreceptors belong
|
inner
|
|
the chamber(s) that are filled with aqueous humor are collectively known as
|
anterior segment
|
|
a function which detects motion or acceleration/deceleration
|
dynamic equilibrium
|
|
to which "layer" of the eye do the cones belong
|
inner
|
|
tiny bones in the middle ear are known as
|
auditory ossicles
|
|
for distant focusing, do the eyes converge medially or are they directed straight ahead
|
directed straight ahead
|
|
an increasing in which of the autonomic nervous systems controls close-in focusing
|
parasympathetic
|
|
the process of converting light to the graded (local) potential
|
phototransduction
|
|
what compound activates phosphodiesterase
|
transducin
|
|
which component of rhodopsin is a derivative from vitamine A
|
retinal
|
|
which of the photoreceptor cells respond best in day-light conditions
|
cones
|
|
when the cilliary muscles relax, do the zonule fibers tighten or loosen
|
tighten
|
|
what compound is activates by transducin
|
phosphodiesterase
|
|
to which "layer" of the eye does the cilliary muscles belong
|
vascular layer
|
|
to which "layer" of the eye does the pupil belong
|
vascular layer
|
|
which two compounds combine to make rhodopsin
|
opsin + retinal
|
|
what does continuous influx of calcium and depolarization of the photoreceptor cell membrane cause
|
neurotransmittler release
|
|
name the two structures that makes up the fibrous layer of the eye
|
sclera and cornea
|
|
to which "layer" of the eye does the cilliary zonule belong
|
vascular layer
|
|
which of the photoreceptor cells are most numerous in the macula lutea
|
cones
|
|
inflammation of the conjunctiva
|
conjunctivitis
|
|
what nerve do the axons of the hair cells of the spiral organ of corti synapse with
|
cochlear part of the vestibulocochlear nerve
|
|
stone-like structures which float in a gel and settle due to gravity to stimulate hair cells
|
otoliths
|
|
this is caused by a vitamin A deficiency
|
night blindness
|
|
which of the ossicles is attched to the oval window
|
stapes
|
|
the lens functions by keeping the focal point of the image directly on what structure
|
fovea centralis
|
|
is rhodopsin produced in the light or in the dark
|
dark
|
|
do we see dimly lit objects best when looking directly or NOT directly at them
|
NOT directly
|
|
the involuntary jerky movement of eye
|
nystagmus
|
|
what compund is destroyed by phosphodiesterase
|
cyclic guanosine monophosphate
|
|
the outer white layer of the eye is known as
|
sclera
|
|
dizziness and the false preception of movement is
|
vertigo
|
|
which structure of the brain leads to the pineal gland
|
suprachiasmatic nucleus
|
|
the clinical name for double vision
|
diplopia
|
|
ability to monitor position and movement of body
|
proprioception
|
|
the process by which the eyes become more sensitive to light in the dark and less sensitive to light, in the light
|
light-dark adaptation
|
|
once through the optic tract, which structures sends the impulses to the primary visual center of the brain
|
lateral geniculate body
|
|
sense of taste is
|
gustation
|
|
scientific name for the middle ear is
|
tympanic cavity
|
|
the process by which light breaks down rhodopsin
|
bleaching
|
|
ringing of the ears is
|
tinnitis
|
|
which of the autonomic nervous systems causes pupil to contract
|
parasympathetic
|
|
which major component of the cochlear actually functions in hearing
|
spiral organ of corti
|
|
what neurotransmitter is released by photoreceptors
|
glutamate
|
|
a clear ovoid structure changes shape in order to focus images on the retina
|
lens
|
|
sense of pain is
|
nociceptors
|
|
what compund is activated by opsin
|
transducin
|
|
loss of olfaction
|
anosmia
|
|
what compound destroys cyclic guanosine monophosphate
|
phosphodiesterase
|
|
the axons of the neurons make up the optic nerve
|
ganglion cells
|
|
a condition caused by refractive error in the eye
|
astigmatism
|
|
deafness due to blockage of the pathway that sounds travels is known as
|
conduction deafness
|
|
inability to focus close up due to a much less elastic lens which occurs with age
|
presbyopia
|
|
which structural of the brain controls the pupillary reflexes
|
pretectal nuclei
|
|
lancing the tympanic membrane to drain pus of place ear tubes is known as
|
myrinotomy
|
|
sense of smell
|
olfaction
|
|
term describing bumps or elevations
|
papillae
|
|
during distant focusing, do cilliary muscles contract or relax
|
relax
|
|
part of osseous labyrinth which contains the utricle and saccule is known as
|
vestibule
|
|
which major component of inner ear actually functions in hearing
|
cochlea
|
|
space between iris and lens is called
|
posterior chamber
|
|
equilibrium receptors in ampulla of the semicircular ducts composed of groups of hair cells are known as
|
crista ampullaris
|
|
point where images is most focused
|
fovea centralis
|
|
type of receptor that is activated by molecules
|
chemoreceptors
|
|
chemoreceptors for taste found within papillae o the tongue
|
taste buds
|
|
tern for earwax
|
cerumen
|
|
specifically, which muscle causes the pupil to contract
|
sphincter pupillae
|
|
term for the sense of touch
|
tactile
|
|
which structure in the brain regulates the extrinsic muscles of the eye
|
superior colliculi
|
|
how does rhodopsin effect the eyes
|
makes them more sensitive to light
|
|
which of the photoreceptor cells are absent from the macula lutea
|
rods
|
|
receptors such as touch, pressure, and stretch are known as
|
mechanoreceptors
|
|
during distant focusing, do the zonule fibers tighten or loosen
|
tighten
|
|
process by which, when in the light, the eye become less sensitive to the light
|
light adaptation
|
|
this connects the pharynx with the tympanic cavity
|
pharyngotympanic tube
|
|
for close-in focusing, does the lens flatten or become more rounded
|
becomes more rounded
|
|
what type of frequency travels farthest in the cochlea
|
low frequency
|
|
which of the papillae are mushroom shaped and located on the tip, sides, and dorsum of tongue
|
fungiform papillae
|
|
condition caused by the inability of scleral venous sinus to drain aqueous humor
|
glaucoma
|
|
which of the photoreceptor cells respond to low light conditions
|
rods
|
|
which 2 parts of the membranous labyrinth are located within the vestibule of the inner ear
|
utricle and saccule
|
|
2 muscles which contract in response to very loud sounds to prevent over vibration of the middle ear, resulting in hearing loss
|
tensor tympany and stapedius
|
|
another name for the suspensory ligament
|
cilliary zonule
|
|
a biconvex, transparent structure composed of protein fibers which changes shape in order to focus the eye
|
lens
|
|
what produces aqueous humor
|
cilliary processes
|
|
what compound activates transducin
|
opsin
|
|
do the pupils constrict or dilate in response to a decrease in light intensity
|
dilate
|
|
damage to nerves or sensory receptors of the inner ear leading to hearing loss is known as
|
sensoineural
|
|
inflammation of tympanic cavity or middle ear is known as
|
otitis media
|
|
condition caused when ossicles fused together or to the oval window is known as
|
otosclerosis
|
|
which of the 3 layers of the retina is farthest away from the light source
|
photoreceptors
|
|
the point of the retina where it is thinnest so the image travels through the least amount of tissue
|
fovea centralis
|
|
name the middle ossicle
|
incus
|
|
which of the ossicles is attracted to the tympanic membrane
|
malleus
|
|
the gelatinous material that fills the large chamber in the back of the eye is known as
|
vitreous humor
|
|
the beef taste is known as
|
umami
|
|
area of the retina which has no rods or cones is
|
optic disc or blind spot
|
|
what type of frequency travels the least distance in the cochlea
|
high frequency
|
|
the spiral organ of corti, the small membrane within the cochlear duct that lies just above the hair cells
|
tectorial
|
|
clinical term for far-sightedness
|
hyperopia
|
|
a function which detects positions while stationary is known as
|
static equilibrium
|
|
how much more sensitive to light do the eyes become after 40 minutes in the dark
|
25,000
|
|
what does the influx of cation cause in the retina
|
depolarizes the cell membranes
|
|
which of the photoreceptor cells are less sensitive
|
cones
|
|
which of the papillae are found on the sides of the tongue
|
foliate papillae
|
|
to which "layer" of the eye does the suspensory ligament belong
|
vascular layer
|
|
once the action potentials for hearing leave the inferior colliculus, what structure do they enter next
|
auditory cortex
|
|
the external wall of the cochlear duct which produce the endolymph
|
stria vascularis
|
|
membranous sacs and tubes within the osseous labyrinth are known as
|
membranous labyrinth
|
|
to which "layer" of the eye does the iris belong
|
vascular layer
|
|
which of the photoreceptor cells are most sensitive
|
rods
|
|
a condition in which the lens becomes opaque, therefore light is unable to pass through
|
cataracts
|
|
in the spiral organ of corti, the floor of the cochlear duct or roof of the scala tympani is known as
|
basilar
|
|
in the spiral organ of corti, the middle chamber is known as
|
cochlear duct or scala media
|
|
what effect does glutamate have on the bipolar cells
|
inhibition
|
|
clinical name for being cross eyes
|
strabismus
|
|
to which layer of the eyes do the rod belong
|
inner
|
|
what breaks down rhodopsin
|
light
|
|
the swollen bases of the semicircular ducts/canals
|
ampulla
|
|
which compound makes the eyes more sensitive to light
|
rhodopsin
|
|
once the action potentials for hearing leave the auditory nerve, what structure do they enter next
|
inferior colliculus
|
|
what is the name for the middle layer of the retina
|
bipolar cells
|
|
a dark brown/black layer surrounding of the eye which prevents light scatter within
|
choroid
|
|
do the pupils constrict or dilate in response to distant focusing
|
dilate
|
|
a person with type "A" blood has which type of antigens on their RBC's cell membrane
|
A
|
|
a solution with a low concentration of solute compared ti another solution
|
hyptonic
|
|
which of the formed elements initiate blood
|
plpatelets
|
|
a liver disease does the plasma become "hypotonic" or "hypertonic" compared to the interstitium
|
hypotonic
|
|
a condition in which the arteries become clogged by plaque
|
atherosclerosis
|
|
in what form is glucose stored in tissues
|
glycogen
|
|
damages to which organ results in diabetes mellitus in hemochromatosis
|
pancreas
|
|
the cellular components of the blood are collectively known as
|
formed elements
|
|
what is the average hemoglobin content for an adult female
|
12-16 g/dl
|
|
an abnormal oxygen carrying capacity of the blood is known as
|
anemia
|
|
a term that describes hemoglobin without oxygen
|
deoxyhemoglobin
|
|
intracellular proteins that stores iron in a safe form
|
ferritin & hemosiderin
|
|
which of the WBCs is described as having abundant cytoplasm, sometimes horseshoe shaped nucleus, and a nucleus that stains just a bit lighter than the nuclei of other WBC
|
monocytes
|
|
an overwhelming majority of proteins found in the plasma are made by which organ
|
liver
|
|
which of the formed elements transport oxygen
|
eryhtocytes
|
|
which are the most abundant proteins found in plasma
|
albumins
|
|
the followinf triad of symptoms indicate which disease: weakness, sore tongue, numb/tingling extremities
|
pernicious anemia
|
|
a measure of the amount of solute that is dissolved in a liquid is
|
osmilarity
|
|
which virus causes mononucleosis
|
epstein-barr virus (EBV)
|
|
a combination of protein and lipid that is associated with arteriosclerosis
|
low-density lipoproteins
|
|
what is the scientific name for WBCs
|
leukocyte
|
|
what fraction of the African-American infants are born with SCA
|
1/625
|
|
under what conditions would your body make more erythropoietin
|
low oxygen
|
|
after the age 20 where are the primary locations for the production of RBCs
|
membranous bones
|
|
what % of the WBCs are represented by eosinophils
|
2-4%
|
|
what is the normal hematocrit value for an adult male
|
47%
|
|
prior to clotting, the fluid, extracellular portion of blood is known as
|
plasma
|
|
a condition in which the wall of the arteries "harden" or lose their elasticity
|
arteriosclerosis
|
|
what procedure/test determines the percent of packed RBCs for a patient
|
hematocrit
|
|
specialized proteins produced by WBC that mark pathogens for destruction by immune system
|
antibodies
|
|
other than the liver, where else is glucose stored in relatively large amounts
|
muscles
|
|
the general classes of globulin which transport lipids, metal ions, and fat-soluble vitamins
|
alpha and beta
|
|
a type of leukemia seen most often in adult
|
chronic myelogenic
|
|
which are the most abundant WBCs
|
neutrophils
|
|
a condition in which there are equal concentrations of solute on both sides of a membrane
|
isotonic
|
|
cations and anions such as Na+ and Cl- found in the plasma are known as
|
electrolytes
|
|
which proteins make up 60% of plasma proteins
|
albumins
|
|
for patients that have been diagnosed as "high risk", plasma levels of low-density lipoproteins should be kept below what value
|
70mg/dl
|
|
a measure of the contribution to total osmolarity of the blood that is made by over 2000 plasma proteins
|
colloid osmotic pressure
|
|
0.9% is said to be "____________" for plasma NaCl
|
isotonic
|
|
similar to SCA this condition affects people from areas such as Greece, Italy, and the southern Mediterranean area
|
beta thalassemia
|
|
which of the following best describes the normal range for plasma levels of high density lipoproteins
|
30-80 mg/dl
|
|
which compound removes cholesterol from the cells and takes it to the liver to be processed
|
high-density lipoproteins
|
|
where is intrinsic factor produced
|
stomach
|
|
the manner in which LDL's get lipids inside the cells is
|
receptor mediated endocytosis
|
|
which toxic compound is the body's major nitrogenous waste
|
urea
|
|
also known as "kissing disease", this virus causes enlarged atypical lymphocytes, extreme fatigue, lethargy, sore throat, and swollen lymph glands
|
mononucleosis
|
|
what value represents isotonic conditions for glucose
|
5.0%
|
|
which of the compounds is critical in the production of DNA in RBCs and is NOT typically found in plants
|
vitamin B12
|
|
which of the WBC is best described as having abundant cytoplasm and multiobular (often 2-lobed) nucleus and red or pink granules (freckles)
|
eosinophils
|
|
which of the posterior NTD's usually had the best prognosis
|
spina bifida occulta
|
|
which of the white blood cells is slightly larger than a RBC
|
lymphocytes
|
|
how much of the body's cholesterol is obtained from diet
|
15%
|
|
a person with type "A" blood is born with which type of antibodies traveling in their blood
|
anti B
|
|
above what level is it said that HDL's are protective against heart disease
|
60 mg/dl
|
|
what is the normal hematocrit value for an adult female
|
42%
|
|
at what age are the blood cell synthesized in the yolk sac
|
7 wks
|
|
which proteins are the most abundant regulators of plasma's COP & viscosity
|
albumins
|
|
when the leakage of blood is stopped, the vasoconstriction of blood vessels following damage is known as
|
vascular spasms
|
|
maternal dietary deficiencies in which of the following indicates and increased risk of neural tube defects
|
folate
|
|
plasma levels of triglycerides should be kept below what value
|
150 mg/dl
|
|
which compound, used clinically, blocks thrombin and clotting factor Xa
|
heparin
|
|
water always diffused towards a "________" solution
|
hypertonic
|
|
which organs are the primary removers if urea from the body
|
kidneys
|
|
which of the WBCs is best describes as having abundant cytoplasm and a multiobular nucleus, and dark blue/purple granules of freckles
|
basophils
|
|
for erythroblastosis fetalis, the factor Rh positive or negative
|
positive
|
|
a posterior neural tube closure defect in which the dura mater is forced out of its normal position often resulting in a very large, fluid-filled sac on the baby's spine
|
meningocele
|
|
what is the average hemoglobin content for an adult male
|
13-18 g/dl
|
|
a combination of protein and lipid what is associated with atherosclerosis
|
low-density lipoproteins
|
|
how much of our body weight does blood makes up
|
8%
|
|
from what cell are platelets derived
|
megakaryocytes
|
|
pigment from urobilinogen break-down that gives feces a brown car
|
stercobilin
|
|
which protein makes up 4% of the plasma proteins
|
fibrinogen
|
|
a condition of abnormally high iron levels which may cause hemorrhage, infarcts and congestion of various organs, however, little damage that is permanent
|
hemosiderosis
|
|
the distended abdomens noted in starving children indicate the dysfunction of which organ
|
liver
|
|
the person with type "o" blood is born with which type of antibodies traveling in their blood
|
anti A and anti B
|
|
what is the first structure to produce blood cells
|
yolk sac
|
|
according to our notes, a value of 280-296 mOSM is isotonic for which components
|
all plasma solutes
|
|
what are normal plasma glucose levels
|
70-110 mg/dl
|
|
a person with type "O" blood has which type of antigens on their RBCs cell membrane
|
none
|
|
a person with type "AB" blood is born with which type of antibodies traveling in their blood
|
none
|
|
a disease marked by too much iron stored as ferritin
|
hemosiderosis
|
|
a person with type "B" blood is born with which type of antibodies traveling through their blood
|
anti A
|
|
yellowish pigment made and released when hemoglobin is degraded by macrophages
|
bilirubin
|
|
the by-product from bile breakdown
|
urobilinogen
|
|
the diffusion of water always proceeds from "_____" to "_____" solute
|
low to high
|
|
the elevation of which protein is maternal plasma may indicate a neural tube defect
|
alpha fetal protein
|
|
a condition in which fluid accumulates in the abdominal cavity causing it to distend significantly
|
ascites
|
|
when a blood vessel is damaged (cut), which compound is exposed to the blood, thereby initiating clot formation
|
collagen
|
|
the production of formed elements (blood cells and platelets)
|
hemopoiesis
|
|
a term that describes hemoglobin that is carrying oxygen
|
oxyhemoglobin
|
|
what organ releases glucose to the blood the elevate plasma glucose levels
|
liver
|
|
when looking at all solute particles for plasma/blood 280-296 mOSM is said to be
|
isotonic
|
|
a term that means the make worse
|
exacerbate
|
|
what organ is the primary remover of dead and dying RBC
|
spleen
|
|
what values represent the range for isotonic conditions when looking at all the solutes in plasma combined
|
280-296 mOSM
|
|
which cells produce antibodies
|
plasma cells
|
|
what is the range for total blood volume for a typical male
|
5-6 L
|
|
by what age does hemopoiesis occur in only the membranous (flat) bones such as ilium, sternum, vertebrae, and ribs
|
20 yrs old
|
|
which protein is the primary extracellular carrier of iron and transfers it to the cell
|
transferrin
|
|
an elevated WBCs is known as
|
leukocytosis
|
|
how many WBCs are there in an average human
|
4000,11000 per ul
|
|
other than the muscles, where else is glucose stored in relatively large amounts
|
liver
|
|
what is the process by which RBC are produced
|
erythropoiesis
|
|
what organ breaks bilirubin into bile
|
liver
|
|
at what age are RBC produced in the liver, spleen, and lymph nodes
|
tween 2nd-3rd trimester
|
|
toxic compounds produced as a result of breaking down the amnio acids from various proteins and nucleic acids
|
nitrogenous wastes
|
|
5.0% is said to be isotonic for "____"
|
glucose
|
|
a plasma protein that is an important factor in blood clotting
|
fibrinogen
|
|
dietary iron exists as Fe++ and Fe+++, bu which is the only form that can be absorbed
|
Fe++
|
|
which organ converts Fe+++ into Fe++
|
stomach
|
|
which compound, used clinically, blocks the effect of vitamin K to prevent blood clot formation
|
warfarin
|
|
how much of the body's cholesterol is made by the liver
|
85%
|
|
a combination of protein and lipid that is associated with coronary artery disease
|
low-density lipoproteins
|
|
people who have Rh factor on the cell membranes of their RBC's are said to be Rh "__"
|
positive
|
|
which of the blood cells is best described as having an abundant, clear cytoplasm and a multiobular nucleus
|
neutrophils
|
|
what percent of plasma proteins are made up by the albumins
|
60%
|
|
what does the mother's immune system make which attacks 2nd baby in erythroblastosis fetalis
|
antibodies
|
|
type of leukemia derived from cells gicing rise to neutrophils, basophils, and eosinophils
|
myelogenic
|
|
what compound doe the liver convert cholesterol into, which is eventually eliminated with the feces
|
Bile
|
|
what percent of plasma proteins is made up by fibrinogens
|
4%
|
|
inability to form blood clots may reflect a general loss of which of the formed elements
|
platelets
|
|
what percent of the general U.S. population has type B blood
|
16%
|
|
which of the leukocytes are commonly increased in number in response to allergic reactions and parasitic worm infections
|
eosinophils
|
|
the method og locomotion used by WBCs to move within the insterstitium
|
amoeboid movement
|
|
which of the formed elements compromise a major component of the immune system
|
leukocytes
|
|
what percent of plasma proteins is make up by the globulins
|
36%
|
|
approximately how many RBCs are found in human males
|
5.1-5.8 million/ul
|
|
these are cancers of the lymphoid tissue such as thymus, lymph nodes, and symptoms included enlarged, painless masses, fever, weight loss
|
lymphomas
|
|
when does the neural tube begin and end closing
|
days 9-27 of gestation
|
|
a person with type "B" blood has which type of antigens on their RBCs cell membrane
|
B antigens
|
|
this dangerous condition in the fetus is indicated by an increase in alpha fetal protein
|
neural tube closure defects (NTD)
|
|
the process by which WBCs are attached to locations by following the "scent" of various chemicals used to attract them
|
chemotaxis
|
|
the scientific name for the process by which the leakage of blood is stopped
|
hemostasis
|
|
long fibrous strands which glue platelets together to form blood clots
|
fibrin
|
|
which of the following is critical in the production of DNA in RBCs and is found in plants such as greens
|
folate
|
|
what is the avg diameter of RBCs
|
7.5 ul
|
|
2 other names for antibodies
|
gammaglobulins ot immunoglobulins
|
|
dietary deficiency of vitamin B12 results in which disease
|
pernicious anemia
|
|
a non-functional condensed X chromosome sometimes found in certain WBC
|
Drumstick
|
|
inability to synthesize blood cells in bone marrow is a condition known as
|
aplastic anemia
|
|
what percentage of the WBC are represented by monocytes
|
3-8%
|
|
what is the scientific name for RBC
|
erythrocyte
|
|
what condition is diagnosed by maternal deficiency in folate (or folic acid)
|
neural tube defects
|
|
which compound carries cholesterol to the cells
|
low density lipoproteins
|
|
episodes of hypoxic injury (ischemia) and infarction/necrosis are symptoms of
|
sickle cell anemia
|
|
a condition of SCA in which the patient suffers extreme and widespread pain, often referred to several areas of the body
|
pain crisis
|
|
a condition characterized by rupturing or hemolysis of RBC
|
hemolytic anemia
|
|
the diffusion of water always proceeds from "___" to "__"
|
high to low
|
|
what compound prevents platelets from adhering to the undamaged endothelium of a blood vessel
|
prostacyclin
|
|
approximately how many hemoglobin molecules are in each RBC
|
280 million
|
|
which represents the 2nd sites for the production of RBCs
|
spleen, liver, lymphatic tissue
|
|
which compound allows the intestines to absorb vitamin B12
|
intrinsic factor
|
|
which of the leukocytes releases heparin
|
basophils
|
|
which of the leukocytes typically releases compounds that cause allergic reactions
|
basophils
|
|
plasma levels of cholesterol should be kept below what value
|
180 mg/dl
|
|
a term reflects a condition contracted in hospital
|
nosocomial
|
|
what percentage of WBC are represented by basophils
|
0.5-1%
|
|
a posterior neural tube closure defect that may cause minimal damage and may be indicated by a tuft hair growing on the lower lumbar/sacral skin over the spinal cord
|
spina bifida occulta
|
|
a general reduction in WBCs will lead to a patient that is
|
immunosurpressed
|
|
a term that describes hemoglobin that is carrying carbon dioxide
|
carbaminohemoglobin
|
|
how many platelets are there
|
150,000-400,000/ul
|
|
a reduction in the levels of WBCs is known as
|
leukocytopenia
|
|
people who DO NOT have Rh factor on the cell membranes of their RBC are said to be Rh "__"
|
negative
|
|
an anterior neural tube closure defect in which the forebrain fails to develop resulting in a very large defects in the skull and the absence of most or all of the cerebral cortex
|
anencephaly
|
|
what percent of the general U.S. population has type AB blood
|
4%
|
|
what is the term that describes a white blood cell as having a multilobular nucleus
|
polymorphonuclear
|
|
for patients that have not been diagnosed as "high risk", plasma levels of low density lipoproteins should be kept below value
|
100 mg/dl
|
|
what percent of the general U.S. population has type A blood
|
32%
|
|
which of the WBCs give rise to the macrophages
|
monocytes
|
|
a term that means to make better
|
ameliorate
|
|
what hormone is the primary inducer of the production of RBCs
|
erythropoietin
|
|
what percentage of WBCs are represented by lymphocytes
|
25%
|
|
where is the hormone that is the primary inducer of the production of RBCs produced
|
kidneys and liver
|
|
what are the primary locations where lymphocytes are made in the adult
|
spleen and lymphatic tissue
|
|
what compound changed prothrombin into thrombin
|
prothrombin activator
|
|
lack of intrinsic factor results in which disease
|
pernicious anemia
|
|
which of the following is the primary cause for jaundice
|
liver disease
|
|
plasma levels of phospholipids should be kept below what value
|
6-12 mg/dl
|
|
which of the leukocytes is described as the body's primary phagocyte and inflammatory cell
|
neutrophils
|
|
blood typing is based on the type of organic molecule attached to the cell membrane proteins of RBCs
|
carbohydrate
|
|
what is another name for platelets
|
thrombocytes
|
|
when collagen is exposed to blood, what compound helps the platelets aggregate
|
Von Willenbrand factor or VWF
|
|
you are born with "_______" that attack the blood types you do not have
|
antibodies
|
|
a person with type "AB" blood has which type of antigens on their RBCs cell membrane
|
AB
|
|
a term that describes RBCs as being without nucleus
|
anucleated
|
|
compounds that activate and are attacked by the immune system
|
antigens
|
|
the process by which the WBcs leave the blood vessels into the interstitium
|
diapedesis
|
|
what percentage of the WBCs are represented by neurophils
|
50-70%
|
|
what is the life span of an average RBC
|
120 days
|
|
which of the WBC is best described as having a dark purple, round nucleus and often a small crescent of visible cytoplasm
|
lymphocytes
|
|
a posterior neural tube closure defect in which the dura mater as well as the spinal cord are forced out of their normal position resulting in a very large, fluid-filled sac on the baby's spine
|
myelomeningocele
|
|
what percent of the general U.S. population has type "O" blood
|
48%
|
|
what compound keep platelets coming to a damage site of a blood vessel
|
Thromboxane A2
|
|
what percent of the adult U.S. population suffers from iron deficiency anemia
|
10-30%
|
|
a type of lymphoblastic leukemia especially seen in adults
|
chronic lymphoblastic
|
|
liver disease may be marked bu an increase or decrease of plasma osmolarity
|
decrease
|
|
a type of leukemia that involves B cells which fail to mature to plasma cells
|
chronic lymphoblastic
|
|
yellow coloring of skin and whites of eyes due to build up of bilirubin die to liver disease
|
jaundice
|
|
which compound, used clinically, blocks the productions of thromboxane A2
|
aspirin
|
|
what organ produces the overwhelming majority of the plasma's proteins
|
liver
|
|
a term meaning "of unknown origins"
|
idiopathic
|
|
another name for hemolytic disease of the newborn is
|
erythroblastosis fetalis
|
|
until what age does hemopoiesis continue in all bones
|
5 yrs
|
|
which vitamin is required for blood clot formation
|
Vitamin K
|
|
of the approximately 146 amino acids found in hemoglobin beta, which one is incorrect for sickle cell anemia
|
sixth
|
|
reduced levels of platelets is called
|
thrombocytopenia
|
|
give the normal range for blood pH
|
7.35-7.45
|
|
of all the NTD's (posterior and anterior), which has the poorest prognosis
|
anencephaly
|
|
for erythroblastosis fetalis, is the fetus Rh positive or negative
|
positive
|
|
5.0% is said to be "_____" for plasma glucose
|
isotonic
|
|
a term that reflects a condition caused by a clinician (doc leaves forceps in patient)
|
iatrogenic
|
|
a condition of abnormally high iron levels which may cause liver damage, diabetes mellitus, and skin pigmentation
|
hemochromatosis
|
|
reduction in RBCs wil leas to which disorder reflecting a loss of hemoglobin
|
anemia
|
|
what is the major function of platelets
|
blood clotting
|
|
approximately how many RBCs are found in human females
|
4.3-5.2 million/ul
|
|
which compound causes fibrinogen to combine with a fibrin mesh
|
thrombin
|
|
a condition of abnormally high iron levels which may cause pancreatic fibrosis, heart failure, and carcinoma of the liver
|
hemochromatosis
|
|
the "+" or "-" for blood types comes from yet another RBC membrane glycoprotein known as
|
Rh or Rhesus Group
|
|
what happens to bile
|
excreted
|
|
another name for iron overload disease or bronze diabetes which causes permanent damage is
|
hemochromatosis
|
|
a life threatening condition due to SCA in which small blood vessels clogg
|
vaso-occulsive crisis
|
|
which of the posterior NTDs usually has the poorest prognosis
|
myelomeningocele
|
|
any decease in quality of RBCs or hemoglobin is known as
|
anemia
|
|
what is the range for total blood volume for a typical female
|
4-5L
|
|
which compound is activated by thrombin
|
fibrinogen
|
|
name the hormone that regulates the formation of the platelets
|
thrombopoietin
|
|
similar to SCA, this condition affects people from area such as china, vietnam, cambodia, laos
|
alpha thalassemia
|
|
a condition of greatly swollen lymph nodes especially seen in the neck is
|
lymphadenopathy
|
|
neoplasm of leukocytes
|
leukemia
|
|
type of leukemia often caused by high doses of chemotherapy
|
acute myelogenic
|
|
a bleeding disorder caused by a mutaion in the gene for clotting factor VIII
|
hemophilia A
|
|
the presence of a drumstick in the nucleus f a cell normally indicates what about the cell
|
it came from a female
|
|
maternal dietary reduction in this compound is associated with NTDs
|
folate or follic acid
|
|
long term athletic training in high altitudes results in elevated levels of erythropoietin, a process known as natural:
|
blood doping
|
|
which of the leukocytes releases histamine
|
basophils
|
|
what organelles found in neutrophils functions as the body's detoxifyers
|
peroxysomes
|
|
deficiency in this is indicated in 10-30% adults and results in hemorrhage
|
iron deficiency anemia
|
|
for erythroblastosis fetalis, is the mother Rh positive or negative
|
negative
|
|
a reduction of all blood cells is called
|
pancytopenia
|
|
another name for eythroblastosis fetalis is
|
hemolytic disease of newborn
|
|
which compound becomes thrombin
|
prothrombin
|
|
liver disease may be marked by a significant reduction in plasma proteins. Will this cause water to move in or out of the blood vessels
|
out
|
|
a type of leukemia in which no proper antibodies are formed so the patient is immunosurppression allowing opportunistic and autoimmune diseases to gain a foothold
|
chronic lymphoblastic leukemia
|
|
for erythroblastosis fetalis, the first baby always at significant risk
|
no
|
|
a type of mutation in which only 1 base pair on the entire gene is incorrect
|
point mutation
|
|
what is a term that describes a WBC as having a smooth round nucleus
|
mononuclear
|
|
organelles found in various cells such as neutrophils which are the cells digestive system
|
lysosomes
|
|
a type of leukemia that is derived from the cells giving rise to the lymphocytes
|
lymphoblastic
|
|
0.9% is said to be isotonic for "____"
|
NaCl
|
|
these proteins may spill out of dead cells and therefore provide a diagnostic tool for some diseases
|
enzymes
|
|
what is bilirubin broken down into by the liver
|
bile
|
|
a solution with a HIGH concentration of solute compared to another solution
|
hypertonic
|
|
what value represents isotonic conditions for NaCl
|
0.9%
|
|
type of leukemia seen most often in pediatric cases
|
acute leukemia
|
|
which proteins makes up 36% of plasma proteins
|
globulins
|
|
what condition characterized by a mutated form of hemoglobin which may result in abnormally shaped RBCs which clog certain blood vessels
|
sickle cell anemia
|
|
universal doner
|
O negative
|
|
these cancers are neoplasm of plasma cells, with tumors usually seen in bone
|
myelomas
|
|
after clotting the fluid portion of blood is known as
|
serum
|
|
A disease in which antibodies are made against the acetylcholine receptors at the neuromuscular junction
|
Myasthenia Gravis
|
|
Which type of cells populate the inner portion of the lymphoid follicles
|
B lymphocytes
|
|
These specialized fatty acids cause pain associated with headaches
|
Prostaglandins
|
|
A condition caused by the clogging of lymphatic vessels in which the extremities (usually lower) swell to gigantic proportions
|
Elephantiasis
|
|
for the immune system the skin the considered to be an ______
|
external barrier
|
|
what do plasma cells produce
|
antibodies
|
|
name the inner portion of the lymphoid follicles
|
germinal centers
|
|
two enzymes which break hydrogen peroxide down into water and oxygen
|
peroxidase and catalase
|
|
these are released from cytotoxic T cells and works against viruses
|
interferon
|
|
B lymphocytes mature to become which cells
|
plasma cells
|
|
another name for the pharyngeal tonsils is
|
adenoids
|
|
a genetic condition in which children are born with inherent susceptibility to diseases due to a non-functioning immune system
|
Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Disease
|
|
a general term for the sites for lymphocyte proliferation and maturation is:
|
Lymphoid tissues
|
|
these are the very first antibodies produced and will be replaced by IgG's
|
IgM
|
|
the reaction to poison ivy is a type of:
|
delayed hypersensitivity
|
|
an auto immune disease in which the acetylcholine receptors are destroyed in the skeletal muscles
|
Myasthenia gravis
|
|
special proteins made by basophils and mast cells that stimulate several immune responses
|
leukotrienes
|
|
these specialized acids cause pain associated with ovulation
|
prostoglandins
|
|
what does a significant increase in vascular permeability cause?
|
edema
|
|
these specialized fatty acids cause pain associated with endometriosis
|
prostoglandins
|
|
specialized leukocytes that turn the immune system off from the specific threat
|
Suppressor T lymphocytes
|
|
specialized leukocytes that keep the immune system "fired-up" or activated as long as the specific threat remains
|
inducer T lymphocytes
|
|
for the immune system the saliva is considered to be an _________
|
external barrier
|
|
a general term for the sites for lymphocyte proliferation and maturation which are scattered throughout the body
|
diffuse lymphatic tissues
|
|
once in the thoracic duct, what fo lipid soluble compounds go next
|
left subclavian vein
|
|
one of the more common free radicals, this one is particularly reactive
|
speroxide radical
|
|
once absorbed by the intestinal veins, where do water soluble compounds go next
|
superior mesenteric vein
|
|
these specialized fatter acids cause vasodilation
|
prostoglandins
|
|
an organelle that consists of an engulfed cell, virus etc
|
phagosome
|
|
the major lymphatic vessel draining the abdomen and thorax is known as
|
thoracic duct
|
|
once through the hepatic veins, where do water soluble compounds go next
|
inferior vena cava
|
|
a self-destruct mechanism employed by infected or mutated cells
|
apoptosis
|
|
which class of antibodies are the most abundant antibodies
|
IgG
|
|
which class of antibodies are found in secretions such as tears
|
IgA
|
|
the principal lymphoid organs of the body which filter lymph being returned to the blood
|
lymph nodes
|
|
another name for the adenoids is
|
pharyngeal tonsils
|
|
drugs such as aspirin, ibuprofen, acetaminophen which can reduce the symptoms of inflammation are generally known as
|
NSAIDS
|
|
which class of antibodies are found in secretions such as saliva
|
IgA
|
|
once through the sinusoids, where do water soluble compounds go next
|
central veins
|
|
for the immune system mucus is considered to be an _________
|
external barriers
|
|
an increase in the number of WBC's is known as
|
leukocytosis
|
|
redness of inflamed areas due to vasodilation is known as
|
erythemia
|
|
the digestive system of a cell is an organelle known as
|
lysosome
|
|
specialized enzymes produced by natural killer cells that digest holes in cell membranes
|
perforins
|
|
cells that partially digest antigens and place parts of them on cell membranes for identification by the rest of the immune system. In this function, these cells are known as
|
antigen-presenting cells
|
|
a specific compound that is released by cytotoxic T cells that destroys cancer cells is called
|
tumor necrosis factor (TNF)
|
|
a type of resistance or immunity that you are born with is known as
|
nonspecific or innate immunity
|
|
macrophages, reticular cells, and dendritic cells partially digest antigens and place part of them on their cell membranes for identification by the rest of the immune system. in this function these cells are known as
|
antigen-presenting cells
|
|
once in the lacteals, where do lipid soluble compounds go next
|
thoracic duct
|
|
Lymphocytes with lysosomes that contain bacteria-killing enzymes which make highly reactive free radicals
|
neutrophils
|
|
a type of cell that engulf foreign materials including pathogens are known as
|
phagocytes
|
|
lymphoid tissue that is found in the oral cavity, at the base of the tongue and on the posterior wall of the nasopharynx
|
tonsils
|
|
the process by which a phagocyte engulfs particles such as cells, etc
|
phagocytosis
|
|
which of the tonsils are located on the posterior wall of the nasopharynx
|
pharyngeal or adenoids
|
|
allergins cause which cells to produce histamine
|
mast cells
|
|
these cells remember the ID of the antigen in case of future exposure for faster response often before a patient feels sick
|
memory cells
|
|
a raised rash caused histamine, etc as seen in jellyfish stings
|
urticaria
|
|
for the immune system oil is considered an:
|
external barrier
|
|
the body's first line of defense are known as the:
|
external barriers
|
|
a phagosome that has fused with a lysosome is known as
|
phagolysosome
|
|
terms that indicate a condition of having a fever
|
pyrexia or febrile
|
|
which of the organs is both a major site for lymphocyte proliferation as well as the major site for removal of dead or dying erythrocytes
|
spleen
|
|
body's response to cell/tissue damage is generally known as
|
inflammation
|
|
made by macrophages and lymphocytes, these proteins stimulate many leukocyte immune responses
|
interleukins
|
|
a structure rich in lymphatic tissue that is attached to the beginning of the colon
|
vermiform appendix
|
|
the process by which a cell expels the undigested remains from phagocytosis
|
exocytosis
|
|
inflammation and it's cells are considered your body's ________ line of defense
|
second
|
|
a general class of proteins that regulate immune responses
|
cytokines
|
|
which 3 compounds cause most of the pain during an inflammatory response
|
bradykinin, histamine, prostoglandins
|
|
the undigested remains from phagocytosis are located in an organelle known as
|
residual body
|
|
a series of many proteins which destroy pathogens that are marked by antibodies
|
complement
|
|
once in the intestines, where do water soluble compounds go next
|
intestinal veins
|
|
a tissue transplant within same individual is known as
|
autograft or autotranslant
|
|
this compound is produced by out own cells to fight microbes and is broken down by the enzyme catalase
|
hydrogen peroxide
|
|
these specialized fatty acids cause uterine contraction
|
prostoglandins
|
|
these specialized fatty acids cause pain associated with the menstrual cycle
|
prostoglandins
|
|
these specialized fatty acids cause inflammation
|
prostoglandins
|
|
once the hepatic portal vein, where fo water soluble compounds percohlate through for the detoxification process
|
sinusoids
|
|
give the names for the condition of having pus
|
purulent of supurative
|
|
for the immune system the urine is considered to be an ___________
|
external barriers
|
|
which of the tonsils tend to be the largest and most often infected
|
palantine
|
|
an enzyme found in mucus, tears, and saliva that kills bacteria
|
lysosome
|
|
lymphatic tissue found in the walls of the intestine
|
peyer's patches
|
|
another name for nonspecific resistance
|
innate resistance
|
|
the potential problem with lipid soluble toxins if taken orally (per os) is that they _______ the livers detoxification process on the first pass
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bypass
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a type of resistance or immunity that the body mounts against any antigen or pathogen and doesn't mount a highly focused attack against a uniquely targets antigen or pathogen
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nonspecific or innate
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an auto-immune disease in which antibodies are made against the joint cartilages etc
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rheumatoid arthritis
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specialized leukocytes that communicate with B lymphocytes
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helper T lymphocytes
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the fluid that causes edema is known as
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exudate
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proteins that are embedded in cell membranes to present antigens to the immune system to be destroyed are known as
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major histocompatibility complex (MHC)
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other than heparin this is produced by basophils, this compound causes inflammation
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bradykinin
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a tissue transplant to a different species is known as
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xenograft or heterograft
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which class of antibodies are similar ti B cell receptors that bind to antigens
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IgD
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these cell come from B lymphocytes and produce antibodies that directly target specific antigens in case of subsequent exposure
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plasma cells
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once in the superior mesenteric vein, where do water soluble compounds go next
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hepatic portal vein
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cellular and microbial debris caused by inflammatory responses is known as
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Pus
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another name for innate resistance is
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nonspecific
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which of the tonsils are located at the base of the tongue
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lingual
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specialized proteins found on the surfaces of the cell membranes of various immune system cells known as antigen presenting cells that identify self and non-self
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major histocompatibility complex MHC-II
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what tern describes various forms of swelling
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edema
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these proteins specifically isolate and surrounds pathogens with an extravascular "clot"
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clotting proteins
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the part of an antigen that stimulates the immune response
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antigenic determinate or epitope
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a fluid causing edema that contains cellular and microbial debris caused by inflammatory responses is known as
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purulent or supperative exudate
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any compound that causes a fever is known as
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pyrogen
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a type of resistance of immunity that you acquire after you are born
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specific adaptive
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proteins produced by plasma cells, are produced to mark specific foreign proteins for destruction by the immune system
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antibodies
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drugs that inhibit protoglandin synthesis by stopping cyclooxygenase
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NSAIDS
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what happens to water soluble compounds as they percholate through the liver's sinusiods
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detoxification
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a type of lymphocyte that destroy our cells that become cancerous or that contain viruses
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natural killer cells
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drugs that cause vasoconstriction allowing lymphatic drainage to reduce swelling of tissues
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decongestants
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the body's external barrier is it's ____ line of defense
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first
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compounds which are not antigenic by themselves, but when combined w/ other proteins, become antigenic
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hapten
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what is the name for the tonsild surrounding the opening of the pharyngotynpanic tube
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tubal
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what is the standard emergency treatment for an anaphylaxic reaction
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epinepherine or adrenalin
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a certain type of leukocyte that takes the identity of the antigens from the APC's (antigen presenting cells) and present this to the rest of the immune system
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helper T lymphocytes
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once in the intestines where do lipid soluble compounds go next
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lacteals
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transplant rejection is a type of
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delayed hypersensitivity
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rxn's to penicillin can be deadly when the drug binds to certain proteins, in this instance penicillin is known as
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hapten
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what compound, produced by neutrophils and macrophages causes fever
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interleukin-1
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substances such as pollen, dander, etch which cause plasma cells to produce IgE's are known as
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allergins
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pathogens or any molecule stimulating an immune response are called
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antigen
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the eventual symptom of mysathenia gravis is
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flacid paralysis
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proteins that mark your cells as friendly, to prevent your immune system from attacking them is known as
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major histocompatibiliy complex MHC
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a harmful immune rxn to antigens that usually do not cause this type of reaction is known as
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hypersensitivity
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a disease in which antibodies made against the myeline sheath thereby destroying neurons
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multiple sclerosis
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a process by which certain cell produce a large amount of highly reactive and toxic compounds
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respiratory burst
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the seek and destroy leukocytes that target antigen by docking with diseased cells and injecting lethal chemicals
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cytotoxic T lymphocytes
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these prevent lysosomes of WBC's from releasing enzymes
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SAID's
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the most common chronic illness of children is
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asthma
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once through the central veins where do water soluble compounds go next
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hepatic veins
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a fast and severe rxn resulting in massive edema, mucus production, bronchoconstriction, dyspena and possibly sudden death
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anaphalaxis
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a type of proteins that has anti-viral and anti-cancer effects
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interferons
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released from basophils and mast cells and compound causes many symptoms of inflammation
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histamine
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this compound is released by basophils and mast cells and prevents blood clotting
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heparin
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an increased blood flow to damaged area caused by vasodilation is
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hyperemia
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rxns to MSG or monosodium glutamate can be deadly when the compound binds to certain proteins, in this instance the MSG is known as
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hapten
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which class of antibodies are found in secretions such as milk
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IgA
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for the immune system tears are considered to be an___________
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external barrier
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a major lymphoid organ which tends to regress with age
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thymus
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a tissue transplant between twins is known as
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isograft
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the abbreviated name for a group of medications used too inhibit protoglandin production
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NSAIDs
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an auto-immune disease in which antibodies are made against nucleic acids (DNA/RNA) thereby effecting several cell types
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systemic lupus erythmatosus (SLE)
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a genetic condition in which children are born with suppressed immune system
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severe combined immunodeficiency disease
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the itching cause by histamine is
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pruritis
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a disease which antibodies made against DNA/RNA causing a wide variety of effects in many cell types
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systemic lupus erythmatosus
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for the immune system sweat is considered to be an ________
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external barrier
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a tissue transplant between non-identical siblings is known as
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allograft or homograft
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specific compounds released by cytotoxic T cells that destroy the target cells DNA
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lymphotoxin
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substances that stimulate mast cells to produce histamine are known as
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allergins
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which class of antibodies stimulate complement
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IgG
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a type of resistance or immunity that your body mounts against a uniquely identified antigen
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specific or adaptive
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for the immune system sloughed skin cells are considered to be an
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external barrier
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term meaning by way of mouth
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per os
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tissue transplant to members of the same species
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allograft or homograft
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from mom's milk this class of antibodies keep pathogens from getting into the baby's intestinal linings
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IgA
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which class of antibodies are found in secretions such as mucus
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IgA
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which class of antibodies are found in tonsils, skin and mucus membranes and cause basophils and mast cells to release histamine
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IgE
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which class of antibodies cross the placenta to bring mom's immunity to the fetus
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IgG
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the transplanting of a pig heart valve into a human is known as
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xenograft or hetergraft
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was is considered to be an ______ for the immune system
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external barriers
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an enzyme that breaks down the superoxide radical
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superoxide dismutase
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how much of the extracellular matrix fluid id returned to the general circulatory system by the lymphatic system
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10%
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allergins cause mast cells to release____
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histamine
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a type of allergic rxn occuring approx. 12-72 hrs after exposure is called
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delayed hypersensitivity
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a viral disease destroying helper T cells causing the loss of immune system and death by opportunistic diseases that would not kill a patient with an intact immune system
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AIDS
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the enzyme responsible for making prostoglandins
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cyclooxygenase
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highly reactive toxic compounds containing extra unpaired electrons
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free radicals
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fever is considered your body's _______ line of defense
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second
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round nodules of lymphatic tissue within the lymph nodes
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lymphoid follicles
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which of the tonsils are located on either side of the posterior oral cavity
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palatine
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compounds which become antigenic only when bound to certain proteins are known as
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hapten
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specialized proteins found on the surfaces of all nucleated cells, which identify self from non-self
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MCH-I major histocompatibility complex
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once activated by the helper cell the B cell matures into a plasma cell
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b lymphocyte
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which type of cells populate the outer portion of the lymphoid follicles
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t lymphocytes
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these specialized fatty acids are involved in blood clotting
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protoglandins
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the production of antibodies is referred to as the
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humoral immune response
|
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a condition that is described as your body's physiological response to cellular injury in which various leukocytes participate
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inflammation
|
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increased capillary permeability causes______
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edema or swelling
|
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an auto immune disease in which antibodies are made against the myelin sheath
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multiple sclerosis
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