Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
80 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What kind of structure do Bacteria and Archaea have?
|
Prokaryotic
|
|
Why does cyanobacteria differ from other prokaryotes?
|
They carry out photosynthesis and generate oxygen
|
|
What is one characteristic shared by Bacteria and Eukarya?
|
Presence of ester bonds in their membrane lipids
|
|
Extremophiles
|
Organisms that occur mostly in extreme habitats
|
|
hyperthermophiles or methanopyrus
|
organisms that cannot grow when the temperature is below 84 degrees celsius
|
|
Phlya Cyanobacteria
|
Oxygen-producing photosynthetic bacteria
Blue-green pigmentation (caused by chlorophyll a and phycobillins) Have branched and unbranched filaments |
|
Phyla Proteobacteria
|
Large group of gram-negative bacteria
High metabolic diversity Includes many species that are important to medicine, agriculture, and industry |
|
Horizontal gene transfer
|
A process where an organism receives genetic material from another organism without being the offspring of that organism
|
|
Cocci shape
|
circular
|
|
Bacilli shape
|
elongated rods
|
|
Vibrios shape
|
comma-shaped cells
|
|
spirochaetes/spirilli shapes
|
spiral-shaped either flexible or not
|
|
biofilms are
|
aggregations of microorganisms that secrete adhesive mucilage, thereby gluing themselves to surfaces
|
|
What does quorum sensing do?
|
aids biofilm formation
|
|
The polymer peptidoglycan
|
Common in archaea
Important component in cell walls Composed of carbohydrates |
|
Gram-positive cell wall
|
Acidic polusaccharides on surface
Purple stain Thick peptidoglycan layer Sensitive to penicillin |
|
Gram-negative cell wall
|
Outer lipopolysaccharide layer
Pink or red stain Thin peptidoglycan layer resists penicillin |
|
Pili
|
thread like structures that allow some prokaryotic species to glide or twitch along surfaces
|
|
Binary fission
|
when prokaryotic cells divide in two
|
|
What are akinetes and what are their functions
|
They are large food filled cells, and allow aquatic organisms to survive during winter months.
|
|
Autotrophs
|
organisms with the ability to produce their all or most of their own organic compounds from inorganic compounds
|
|
Photoautotrophs
|
use light as a source of energy to synthesize organic compounds from co2 or h2o
|
|
Chemoautotrophs
|
use chemical modifications of inorganic compounds to synthesize organic compounds
|
|
Heterotrophs
|
require at least one or more organic compounds from their environment
|
|
photoheterotrophs vs. chemoheterotrophs
|
photoheterotrophs use light to generate atp and must use organic compounds for both energy and a carbon source, while chemoheterotrophs obtain organic molecules for both energy and as a carbon source
|
|
Obligate aerobes
|
they require O2 to survive
|
|
Aerotolerant anaerobes
|
do not use O2 but aren't posioned by it either
|
|
facultative anaerobes
|
can use o2, obtain energy, or use inorganic chemical reactions to obtain energy
|
|
Nitrogen fixation is
|
the removal of nitrogen from the gaseous phase performed by nitrogen fixators
|
|
Specialized cells generated for low oxygen conditions are known as
|
heterocytes
|
|
Symbiosis
|
long-term relationship between species
|
|
Pathogens
|
Microorganisms that cause disease in one or more types of host organisms
|
|
Bioremediation is the process of
|
reducing levels of harmful materials in the environment
|
|
Protists that are generally photoautotrophic
|
algae
|
|
What is the term protozoa used for? How do they feed?
|
to describe diverse heterotrophic protists
they feed on small organic molecules or by ingesting prey |
|
Photosynthetic plankton are called
|
phytoplankton
|
|
Periphyton
|
communities of microorganisms attached by mucilage to underwater surfaces i.e. rocks, sand, or plants
|
|
What is the name for photosynthetic protists large enough to see with the unaided eye
|
Macroalgae i.e. seaweed
|
|
Flagellates vs. ciliates
|
Flagellates: move by flagella (few small cells)
Ciliates: move by cilia (shorter and more abundant on cells) |
|
Amoebae moves by
|
pseudopodia
|
|
What happens in endosymbiosis
|
heterotrophic host cells capture cyanobacterial cells via phagocytosis but doesn't digest them which provides host cells with photosynthetic capability and other useful biochemical pathways which evolves the cell into a primary plastid
|
|
What happens in secondary endosymbiosis
|
a eurkaryotic host cell ingests and retains another type of eukaryotic cell that already has one or more primary plastids.
|
|
What happens in tertiary endosymbiosis
|
the acquisitions by hosts of plastids from cells that possessed secondary plastids, which were received by horizontal gene transfer.
|
|
Phagotrophs
|
feed by ingesting particles
|
|
Osmotrophs
|
rely on the uptake of small organic molecules across the cell membrane followed by their digestion
|
|
Streptophyte algae shares
|
many features in common with land plants
|
|
Hepatophyta is known as
|
liverworts
|
|
Bryophyta is known as
|
mosses
|
|
Anthocerophyta is known as
|
hornworts
|
|
Lycopodiophyta is known as
|
lycophytes
|
|
Pteridophyta is known as
|
pteridophytes
|
|
Cycadophyta is known as
|
cycads
|
|
Ginkgophyta is known as
|
ginkos
|
|
Coniferophyta is known as
|
conifers
|
|
Anthophyta is known as
|
angiosperms, or flowering plants
|
|
In the alternation of generations, what body is haploid and what is diploid
|
Haploid is gametophyte
Diploid is sporophyte |
|
Archegonia and antheridia
|
Plant organs that produce gametophytes, archegonia encloses a single egg while antheridia produce sperm
|
|
Matrotrophy provides
|
food for zygotes as they grow into embryos
|
|
Sporangia (spore containers) provide
|
tough cell walls to protect developing spores from harmful UV radiation and microbial attack
|
|
Sporopollenin helps
|
prevent cellular damage during transport in air
|
|
Vascular tissues provide
|
structural support and serve in conduction of water and nutrients
**bryophytes are nonvascular** |
|
What are tracheids and where are they found?
|
Tracheids are a type of specialized vascular cell that conducts water and minerals and provdies structural support, mainly found in stems roots and leaves.
|
|
Lignin is
|
a compression and decay-resistant waterproofing material found in cell walls of tracheids
|
|
A waxy cuticle provides
|
a polyester polymer known as cutin which helps to prevent attack from pathogens and wax which helps prevent the plant from drying out
|
|
What does a stomata do?
|
they are pores that allow plants to conserve water while taking in carbon dioxide and releasing oxygen
|
|
What is the K/T event and what period did it end?
|
The K/T event was when at least one large meteorite crashed into the Earth, and ended the Cretaceous period
|
|
What are the names of the leaves and their differences in lycophytes and ferns/seed plants?
|
In lycophytes the leaves are called lycophylls which are tiny leaves
in ferns/seed plants the leaves are called euphylls which are leaves with branched leaves |
|
Heterospory means
|
different spores
|
|
microspores give rise to male gametophytes which develop into
|
pollen grains
|
|
megaspores give rise to female gametophytes which develop and produce
|
eggs while enclosed by protective megaspore walls
|
|
Function of pit and torus
|
pits move water laterally and vertically from on tracheid to another while the torus functions as a valve
|
|
What is autopolyploidy?
|
It is when a homologous chromosome pairs do not separate during meiosis, producing diploid spores, gametes, and gametophytes
|
|
Function of gas vesicles
|
this allows aquatic photosynthetic to access the maximum amount of light near the waters surface
|
|
Archaea and bacteria characteristics
|
Archaea: extreme environments, related to eukarya, ether-linked cell membranes, and histones in DNA
Bacteria: form symbiotic relationships with eukaryotes, some are photosynthetic, ester-linked cell membranes, and no histones in DNA |
|
Palisade parenchyma
|
consists of closely packed, elongated cells of the inner leaf that are adapted to absorb sunlight efficiently
|
|
Spongy parenchyma
|
located closer to the lower leaf surface, contains rounder cells cells separated by abundant air spaces
|
|
taproot system
|
one main root with many branch roots
|
|
fibrous root system
|
multiple roots from one stem base
|
|
adventitious roots
|
structures produced on the surfaces of stems
|
|
Whats my cats name
|
Richard Parker
|