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45 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is the cell theory? |
All organisms are composed of one or more cells Cells are the smallest living things & are the basic units of organization Cells arise only by division of a pre-existing living cell |
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As a cell increases in size ____ becomes ____ than the ____ |
Surface area, less, volume |
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SA is proportional to the______________ Volume is proportional to _____________ |
square of the radius, cube of the radius |
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Small cells function______than large cells do |
more effectively |
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Basic structural similarities of all cells |
DNA Cytoplasm Ribosomes Plasma membrane |
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Protein components of a cell membrane |
Transport proteins receptor proteins cell surface identity markers
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Prokaryotic cells |
Lack a membrane bound nucleus/organelles Have Dna, cytoplasm,cell or plasma membrane, cell wall, ribosomes, nucleoid |
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Eukaryotic cells |
Have nucleus, cytoskeleton, organelles, endomembrain system |
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the endomembrane system |
a series of membranes throughout the cytoplasm
ER, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes |
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Cellular membranes consist of |
phospholipid bilayer, interior protein network, cell surface identity markers |
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Phospholipid structure consists of |
1 molecule of glycerol, 3 carbon polyalcohol, 2 nonpolar hydrophobic fatty acid tails attached to the glycerol |
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phospholipids ____form bilayers |
spontaneously |
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peripheral membrane proteins |
Are anchored to one phospolipid in one layer of the membrane |
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Integral membrane proteins |
Span the entire lipid bilayer membrane
Often forms an a--helical structure |
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Extracellular domain |
Outside of the cell |
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Cytoplasmic domain |
Inside of the cell |
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Passive transport |
Movement of molecules through the membrane that requires no energy, in response to a concentration gradient |
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Simple diffusion |
net movement of molecules across a membrane from areas of high concentration, to areas of low concentration |
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facilitated diffusion |
through carrier proteins, that are specific and passive |
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osmosis |
the movement of water across a membrane from an area of high concentration to low |
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Hypertonic |
high solute concentration |
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hypotonic |
lower solute concentration |
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isotonic |
equal solute concentration (no net movement of water) |
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Active transport |
uses energy to move materials against a concentration gradient (low to high)
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sodium potassium pump |
_active transport, uses antiporter to move 3 sodium ions out, and 2 potassium in , breaks ATP into ADP |
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Coupled transport |
The energy released (as one molecule moves down its concentration gradient) is used to move a different molecule against its concentration gradient |
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endocytosis |
Movement of substances into the cell Occurs when the plasma membrane envelops food particles/liquids. |
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exocytosis |
movement of substances out of the cell.
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Phagocytosis |
Takes in particulate matter |
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Pinocytosis |
Takes in liquid |
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Oxidation |
Atom r molecule loses an electron |
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reduction |
atom or molecule gains an electron |
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Positive Change in free energy |
products have more free energy than reactants H is higher or S is lower endergonic, not spontaneous
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Negative change in free energy |
products have less energy than reactants H is lower or S is higher or both Exergonic, spontaneous |
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Spontaneous chemical reactions________ |
require activation energy |
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Activation energy |
The extra energy needed to destabilize existing chemical bonds & initiate a chemical reaction |
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Catalysis |
the process of influencing the chemical bonds in a way that lowers the activation energy needed to speed up a chemical reaction |
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ATP |
Adenosine Triphosphate |
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Structure of ATP |
Ribose ( 5 carbon sugar), Adenine, chain of three phosphates |
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Enzymes |
molecules that catalyze reactions in living cells Lower activation energy, are not changed, increase the chemical reaction by a million times |
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Substrate |
the reactant in an enzymy catalyzed reaction |
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active site |
a special region on the enzyme that has a shape that fits, binds with specific substrate molecules |
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metabolism |
all chemical reactions occuring in the organism |
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anabolism |
chemical reactions that expend energy to build up molecules |
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Catabolism |
Chemical reactions that harvest energy from chemical bonds to break down molecules |