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112 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
1. From what sciences do we draw evidence to support current theories about the origins of life?
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1. Geology
2. Physics
3. Astronomy
4. Genetics
5. Comparative anatomy
6. Taxonomy
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According to astrophysicists, how long ago do we think the “Big Bang” occurred? |
1. 12-15 bya
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When do we think the Earth was formed? |
1. 4.6 bya
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1. What was Earth’s early atmosphere made of? What evidence do we have?
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1. Hot toxic mix that did not contain oxygen
2. Radiometric dating 3. Experiment two scientist did (miller and urey)
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1. About how old are the first bits of evidence of life on Earth?
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1. About 3.8 bya
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1. What type of living things were the first to appear in the evidence we have right now? Think in general terms (What domain?)
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Bacteria
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1. Why are Stromatolites important in the development of life? (What process are stromatolites the oldest known example of?)
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1. Oldest known fossil. 2. Did not need oxygen
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~How long ago did the first eukaryotic organisms appear? |
1. long ago did the first eukaryotic organisms appear? 18000 mya
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1. What habitat were all living things found until about 450 million years ago?
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1. In the oceans
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1. What were the earlier land organisms that we know of?
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Dinosaurs
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1. Did humans and dinosaurs live at the same time? How do we know?
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1. No 2. Age of reptile, atmosphere no oxygen, meteor.
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1. What event at the end of the Cretaceous Era caused a mass extinction of about 80% of species, including dinosaurs?
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K-T asteroid impact
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List a few species that thrived during the “Age of Mammals.” |
Elephants, some birds, wild dogs (like wolves) |
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When did modern humans first appear in the fossil record? |
4-8 mya |
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What are the three “Domains” of living things? Describe the differences between each of these domains. |
1. Bacteria
2. Archaea 3. Eukarya
i. Eukaryotic cells
ii. 4 kingdoms 1. protists, plants, fungi, animals.
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1. List the eight levels of our taxonomy system, from largest to smallest.
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1. Domain, King, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genes, Species
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1. Which two levels in this system are used as the “scientific name?”
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1. Genes and species
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1. Define “species.”
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When they mate and produce fertile offspring |
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Describe the difference between “Eukaryotic” and “Prokaryotic.” |
1. Eukaryotic has a nucleus- more complex 2. Prokaryotic does not have a nucleus- bacteria
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1. Which domains are prokaryotic? Which are eukaryotic?
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1. Bacteria, and archaea are prokaryotic 2. Eukarya is eukaryotic
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1. What are the four “Kingdoms” of Eukaryotes?
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1. Protists, plants, fungi, animals
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1. For each of these four kingdoms, list the major traits that are used to assign species to their respective kingdoms.
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1. Protists
2. Plants
3. Fungi
4. Animals
i. Symmetry
ii. Arrangement of tissues and cavities
iii. Segmentation
iv. Developmental patterns
v. Complexity of the gut
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1. Why are viruses considered “non-living?”
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No cell
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1. How do viruses reproduce?
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1. They cannot reproduce on their own. Attaches itself to a host and injects its DNA and RNA
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1. List some examples of viruses? What kind of treatment can we use with viruses?
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1. Influenza, cold, herpes, chicken pox, polio, HPV, HIV, Hep. B and C. 2. Vaccines, drugs.
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1. List the two Domains of bacteria. What characteristics do BOTH of these domains share? What structures are found in ALL bacteria?
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1. Bacteria, Achaea 2. Can live almost anywhere and eat almost anything 3. Microbes live in nearly every kind of environment, including water at temps up to 650 deg. F. 4. Eubacteria, fatty acides in plasma membrane, cell wall.
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1. What traits are used to classify Eubacteria into subgroups?
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Shape |
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What are the shapes of bacteria called? Draw or identify simple diagrams of each shape. |
1. Coccus
2. Bacillus 3. Spirillum
i. Spiral Shaped
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1. List some examples of pathogenic Eubacteria. How do we treat bacterial illnesses?
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1. Staphylococcus
2. Streptococcus
3. The Gram-Negative Bacilli
4. Treated with antibiotics
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1. What major beneficial ecological role do bacteria play?
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1. Decomposition
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1. List some USEFUL types of bacteria or the products we make from them.
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1. Normal flora of mouth, intestines 2. Skin bacteria – fight off fingi 3. Used to create medicines 4. Food products such as yogurt, cheese, sour cream, vinegar.
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1. What are the different types of extremophile Archaea?
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1. Halophile
2. Thermophile 3. Methanogens i. Bacteria that create methane gas and have a weird version of respiration
1. Found in stagnant swamps, gut of some animals
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1. Which organelles evolved by infolding of the plasma membrane?
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Prokaryotes |
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1. What is the only trait that is shared by all members of the Kingdom Protista?
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1. All are eukaryotic
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1. What are some other traits of MOST or SOME protists?
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1. Most are unicellular 2. Some are autotrophs (make own food) but many are heterotrophs (eat other organisms to survive) 3. Some are mobile
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1. What characteristic of Protists do we use to classify them into subgroups?
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1. Method of movement
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1. List the subgroups of Protists
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1. Flagellates, Ciliates, phytoplankton, amoebozoans,shelled amoeba, dinoflagellates, algae.
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1. Know the key traits of each group of protists, and some examples
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1. Flagellates
2. Ciliates 3. Phytoplankton 4. Shelled Amoeba 5. Dinoflagellates 6. Algae i. Multicellular, but protist like
ii. Important to aquatic habitats, three main groups: brown, green, red.
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1. Which group of protists gave rise evolutionarily to the land plants?
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algae |
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1. Recognize some examples of protist groups by their visible traits.
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1. Flagellates
2. Ciliates 3. Phytoplankton 4. Amoebozoans 5. Shelled Amoebas 6. Dinoflagellates 7. Algae Brown, green, red |
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1. What are the traits that all or nearly all fungi share?
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1. Multicellular
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1. How do fungi reproduce?
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1. By releasing spores
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1. What characteristics are used to classify fungi into their subgroups?
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1. How they carry their spores
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1. What are the two main parts of a fungus’ “body?”
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1. Mycelium
2. Fruiting body
i. Temporary structure that produces spores
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1. Which of these parts is the MAIN body of the fungus?
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1. Mycelium
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list examples, main characteristics and uses of 1. Basidiomycota (Club Fungi) |
i. Fruiting body contains club shaped structure on which spores from ii. Ex.) Mushroom, portobellow, button iii. Puffball
iv. Bracket (shelf) fungi
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list examples, main characteristics and uses of 1. Zygomycota (Thread-like Fungi) |
i. Thread like fungi ii. Spores on ends of threads
iii. Ex.) Molds, Mildew, and athletes foot.
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list examples, main characteristics and uses of 1. Ascomycota (Sac Fungi)
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i. Yeast ii. The most commercially useful of the fungi
iii. Products: breads, alcohol production, medicines
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1. List some pathogenic fungi.
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1. Ringworm, athletes foot
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1. What ecological roles do fungi play?
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1. Decomposers, control bacteria growth and nematodes
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1. Name the group of organisms that are actually a symbiotic combination of an alga and a fungus!
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1. Lickens
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What are the traits that all plants have in common?
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1. All are Eukaryotic
2. Multicellular
3. Autotrophic
4. Reproduce using “alternating generations”
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1. What does “alternating generations mean in relation to plant reproduction?
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1. Plants use both sexual and asexual reproduction
i. Sporophyte 1. Generation that makes spores (asexual) ii. Gametophyte
1. Generation that makes gametes (sexual)
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1. What are vascular tissues in plants, and what do they do?
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1. Tubes that carry materials 2. Provides strength for growing vertically 3. Lets all parts of plant get water and food 4.
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1. Bryophytes
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i. Seedless nonvascular plants, short (less than 3 inches), live in wet habitats, mosses, gametophyte is the dominant stage, reproduce using spores.
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1. Pteridophytes
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i. Seedless vascular plants, produce spores but no seeds, spore is their reproductive structure, 4 main groups. Horsetails, club moss, ferns, whisk, fern, whisk fern. Sporophyte is the largest stage, no true root. Ferns, club mosses, whisk ferns, horsetails. Plant divisions (like phyla) shared traits multicellular, autotrophic, reproduce using alternating generations.
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1. Gymnosperms
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i. Conifers, or naked seeds. Seed producing, produce cones for reproduction, ovules form on exposed surfaces within the strovili (femaile chromosomes)
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1. Angiosperms
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i. Flowering plants, most diverse plant group, part of the flower becomes the fruit, flowers attract pollinators, and have covered seeds.
ii. Monocots, dicots, and eutocots
iii. Covered seeds, sporophytes stage is dominant
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1. How does reproduction in Bryophytes and Pteridophytes differ from reproduction in Gymnosperms and Angiosperms?
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1. Gymnosperms and Andiosperms have seeds and bryophytes and pteridophytes do not
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1. Arrange the four divisions of plants in order from simplest to most complex.
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1. Bryophytes, pteridophytes, gymnosperms, angiosperms
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1. As you move from simple to complex plants, how does this feature change? 2. Presence or absence of vascular tissue.
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i. The simplest plants (seedless plants) have no vascular tissue. More complex plants have it.
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1. As you move from simple to complex plants, how does this feature change?
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Get taller |
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1. As you move from simple to complex plants, how does this feature change?
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i. More diverse and variety leads to more complex
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1. As you move from simple to complex plants, how does this feature change?
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i. Increases from mosses to angiosperms ii. It is the largest stage.
iii. More complex, bigger it gets
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1. As you move from simple to complex plants, how does this feature change?
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i. Size of the stage decreases as it gets more complex
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1. Presence or absence of seeds
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i. More complex it gets the more the seeds are covered
ii. Start with no seeds, moves all the way to covered seeds.
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1. As you move from simple to complex plants, how does this feature change?
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i. Asexual to pollination from outside the plant.
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1. Why are vascular plants able to grow taller than nonvascular plants?
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1. Has vascular tissue that transports water up the tubes to a plant to allow it to grow vertically.
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Can you explain WHY these plants have been so successful and have taken so many different shapes? (Hint – think about the connection between “diversity” and sexual reproduction.) |
a. Flowers became the most reliable method to ensure reproduction and increase diversity
b. Huge adaptive radiation of plants
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uses or products of 1. Bryophytes
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i. Monitor pollution ii. Used in pharmaceutical products
iii. Used in household products
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uses or products of pteridophytes |
i. For house decorations and office decorations
ii. Ferns
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uses or products of 1. Gymnosperms
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i. Christmas trees ii. Some hardwoods iii. Pinenuts, primary source of lumber, and paper
iv. Some medical uses, terpentine
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uses or products of 1. Angiosperms
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i. Fruit, food.
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1. Among angiosperms, we classify plants into three groups: Magnolids, Eudicots, and Monocots. What are the key differences between monocots and dicots?
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1. Monocots have one seed leaf, and petals are in groups of 3 2. Dicots have 2 seed leaves, and petals are in groups of 4 or 5
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1.
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1. Multi-celled
2. Heterotrophs 3. Mobile for at least part of their life cycle 4. Sexual reproduction. Sometime asexual.
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1. What 5 traits are used to classify animals into Phyla?
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1. Symmetry
2. Arrangement of tissues and cavities 3. Segmentation 4. Developmental patterns 5. Complexity of the gut
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Radial |
Only have a top and a bottom |
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Bilateral |
Hear, body, tail
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Pseudocoelomate |
Have a body cavity with no connections
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Coelomate |
Defined cavity with connective lining
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Segmentation |
Equal division of body parts |
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Protostome |
Mouth develops first |
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Deuterstome |
First opening is the anus |
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Incomplete digestive system |
Only one opening |
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Complete digestive system |
Two openings |
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Porifera |
i. Sponges ii. Asymmetrical iii. No cavities iv. No nervouse system v. Sexual and asexual reproduction vi. Ex.) Grantia, basket sponge |
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1. Cnidaria
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i. Cnidaria ii. Jellyfishes, corals, and sea anemones iii. Incomplete digestive system iv. Acoelomate v. Simple nervous system vi. Alternating generations |
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1. Platyhelminthes
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i. Flatworms ii. Ex.) Planarians (free-living), Tapeworms, flukes iii. Acoelomate iv. Asexual reproduction v. First with cephalization (sensory cells in head) vi. Incomplete digestive system
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1. Rotifera
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i. Roundworms ii. Bilateral iii. Complete digestive system iv. Ex.) Heartworm, hookworm, pinworm |
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1. Annelida
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i. Segmented worms ii. Earthworms and leeches iii. Multicelled iv. Mobil part of their life v. Ex.) Leeches |
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1. Mollusca
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i. Soft animals ii. Clams, squids, snails, iii. Bilateral symmetry |
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1. Nemotoda
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i. Roundworms ii. Heartworm iii. No segments iv. Complete digestive system v. Pseudocoelomate vi. Bilateral protostomes |
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1. Arthropoda
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i. Insects ii. Ants, flies iii. Coelomates with segments iv. Complete digestion v. Sexual reproduction vi. Most diverse |
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1. Echinodermata
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i. Complete digestion ii. Non segmented iii. Coelomate iv. Bilateral symmetry |
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1. Which Phylum of Animals includes the most species?
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arthopods |
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1. What percentage of animals are in arthopods?
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80% |
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1. What are the 4 characteristics of the phylum Chordata?
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· Notochord (becomes our spine) · Dorsal hollow nerve chord (the nervous system) · Pharynx with gill slits (respiratory system) · A tail extending past the anus |
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1. What is the difference between a Craniate and a Vertebrate?
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1. Craniate
2. Vertebrates i. Bony segments 1. Back bone, jaws, fins and other limbs
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1. List a couple of examples of Craniates
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1. Hagfish, lamprey, cartilage fish, bony fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals.
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1. Jawless Fish (hagfish)
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simplest modern craniate |
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Cartilage fish |
Vertebrates Streamline body >Sharks |
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Bony Fish |
Most diverse First tetrapods >lung fish |
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Amphibians |
Carnivorous vertebrates Adapted to life on land >Frogs and Toads
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Reptiles |
Amniotic eggs Movement away from water >Crocodiles, lizards, dinosaurs
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Birds |
Reptile traits, plus feathers Endothermic >Parrots, blue jay, Cardinal
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Mammals |
Tetrapods with hair Monotremes, marsupials, and Placentals >Bats, Rodents, Humans |
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1. What is the big development in Reptiles that allows them to live on land full-time?
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amniotic eggs
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1. What is the difference between the eggs of a reptile and the eggs of a bird?
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1. Birds eggs have a hard shell
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1. What are the defining characteristics of mammals?
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1. Hair and mammory glands
2. Monotremes, marsupials, and placentals |
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1. From what group of animals do we believe mammals evolved? What characteristic leads us to think this?
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1. Birds because they are endothermic.
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1. There are three main group of mammals. For the three listed below, name some examples and describe the differences in their method of reproduction
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1. Monotremes
2. Marsupials 3. Placental mammals i. Humans, lions ii. Placental reproduction iii. Different b/c Placenta provides oxygen and nutrients to the embryos in the uterus |
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1. In which group of Mammals are humans classified?
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Placental |