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99 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
A covalent bond is one in which |
valence electrons of two atoms are shared so as to satisfactorily fill the valenceshells of both atoms. |
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_________________ determine the cohesiveness of water molecules. What key featureof water does cohesiveness promote? |
B) Hydrogen bonds, surface tension |
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In a single molecule of water, what are the bonds that connect each of the two H atoms tothe single O atom? |
polar covalent bonds |
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What is the reason why molecules made mostly of H and C are not soluble in water? |
majority of their bonds are nonpolar covalent C-H linkages |
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Which is not a feature of living organisms? |
capable of conscious thought |
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Which of the following represents a major difference between prokaryotic cells and eukaryoticcells?A) Prokaryotes are a more homogenous group of organisms than are eukaryotes.B) Only prokaryotes are made of cells.C) Eukaryotic cells have a membrane bound nucleus.D) All prokaryotes are unicellular, and all eukaryotes are multicellular |
c |
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cell theory |
All living things are made up of one or more cells.The cell is the structural and functional unit of all living things.Cells come from pre-existing cells through the process of division. |
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The partial negative charge in a molecule of water occurs because ________. |
the electrons shared between the oxygen and hydrogen atoms spend more timearound the oxygen atom nucleus than around the hydrogen atom nucleus |
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Why does ice float in liquid water?A) The high surface tension of liquid water keeps the ice on top. |
D |
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If the guanine content of a certain segment of double-stranded DNA is 28 percent, what isthe adenine content |
22% |
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Nucleic acids are polymers made up of which of the following monomers? |
nucleotides |
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When nucleotides polymerize to form a nucleic acid ________. |
A |
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Which of the following are pyrimidine nitrogenous bases? |
B |
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Which of the following are purine nitrogenous bases? |
guanine and adenine |
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What's the difference between purine and pyrimidines? |
- Purines contain two carbon-nitrogen rings and four nitrogen atoms- Pyrimidines contain one carbon-nitrogen ring and two nitrogen atoms |
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If one strand of a DNA molecule has the sequence of bases 5'ATTGCA3', the othercomplementary strand would have the sequence ________. |
5'TGCAAT3' |
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Which one of the following is NOT a component of each monomer used to make proteins?A) a phosphorus atom, PB) an amino functional group, NH2C) a side chain, RD) a carboxyl group, COOH |
A |
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The bonding of two amino acid molecules to form a larger molecule requires the_______________________________.A) release of a water moleculeB) release of a carbon dioxide moleculeC) addition of a carbon dioxide moleculeD) addition of a water moleculeE) addition of a water molecule and a carbon dioxide molecule |
A |
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You disrupt all hydrogen bonds in a protein. What level of structure will be preserved? |
primary |
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Which level of protein structure do the α-helix and the β-pleated sheet represent? |
secondary |
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Which of the following scientists contributed to the identification of DNA structure by beingthe first to generate high resolution photos of crystallized DNA? |
Rosalind Franklin |
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louis pasteur's flask experiment wanted to test: |
can life form spontaneously? |
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A glycosidic linkage is analogous to which of the following in proteins?A) an amino groupB) a peptide bond. Both connect monomers to make a larger polymer.C) a disulfide bondD) a β-pleated sheet |
B |
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A primary function of carbohydrates attached to the glycoproteins and glycolipids of animal cellmembranes is to ________. |
mediate cell-cell recognition |
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Chitin is a major component of the ________. |
exoskeletons of insects |
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A phospholipid is a |
nonpolar lipid molecule that is made amphipathic by the addition of a phosphate. The phosphategroup makes one end polar |
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Cooking oil and gasoline (a hydrocarbon) are NOT amphipathic molecules because they |
do not have a polar or charged region |
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Lipids that form membranes have what kind of structure? |
polar heads with nonpolar tails, the polar ends interact with water |
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Which of the following crosses lipid bilayers the fastest?A) a sodium ionB) a small, polar molecule like waterC) a large, polar molecule like glucoseD) a small, nonpolar molecule like oxygen (O2) |
D |
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Which of the following crosses lipid bilayers the slowest?A) a sodium ionB) a small, polar molecule like waterC) a large, polar molecule like glucoseD) a small, nonpolar molecule like oxygen (O2) |
A |
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Which of the following is TRUE of osmosis? |
C |
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Celery stalks that are immersed in freshwater for several hours become stiff (swollen). Similarstalks left in a 0.15 M salt solution become limp. From this we can deduce that the freshwater |
is hypotonic and the salt solution is hypertonic to the cells of the celery stalks |
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Large numbers of ribosomes are present in cells that specialize in producing which of thefollowing molecules |
proteins |
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Which of the following contains hydrolytic enzymes? |
lysosome |
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hydrolytic enzyme definition |
catalytic proteins that use water to break down substrates |
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When yeast cells are transferred from anaerobic to aerobic growth conditions, which of theseorganelles become much more numerous?A) lysosomesB) Golgi apparatusC) ribosomesD) mitochondria |
D |
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What is the function of the nuclear pore complex found in eukaryotes? |
It regulates the movement of proteins and RNAs into and out of the nucleus |
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first law of thermodynamics |
energy cannot be created nor destroyed |
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A chemical reaction that has a positive ΔG is best described as ________ |
endergonic (nonspontaneous) |
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Why is ATP an important molecule in metabolism? |
Its hydrolysis provides an input of free energy for endergonic reactions |
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The active site of an enzyme is the region that ________. |
is involved in the catalytic reaction of an enzyme |
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allosteric regulation |
regulation of an enzyme by binding an effector molecule at a site other than the enzyme's active site |
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competitive inhibition |
binding of the inhibitor to the active site on the enzyme prevents binding of the substrate and vice versa |
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Which term most precisely describes the cellular process of breaking down large molecules intosmaller ones |
catabolism |
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OIL RIG |
oxidation is the loss of electrons, reduction is the gain of electrons |
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Which of the following statements about NAD+ is TRUE?A) NAD+ is reduced to NADH during glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, and the citric acid cycle. |
A |
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Which process in eukaryotic cells will proceed normally whether oxygen (O2) is present orabsent? |
B |
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In glycolysis, for each molecule of glucose oxidized to pyruvate ________. |
two molecules of ATP are used and four molecules of ATP are produced. |
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During cellular respiration, acetyl CoA accumulates in which location? |
mitochondrial matrix |
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Which electron carrier(s) function in the citric acid cycle? |
NADH and FADH2 |
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The end products of the metabolic pathway are acetyl groupsof acetyl-CoA molecules. These acetyl groups ________. |
can directly enter the citric acid cycle |
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The primary role of oxygen in cellular respiration is to ________. |
act as an acceptor for electrons and hydrogen, forming water |
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The energy of electron transport serves to move (translocate) protons to the outer mitochondrialcompartment. How does this help the mitochondrion produce ATP? |
The translocation of protons sets up the electrochemical gradient that drives ATP synthesis in themitochondria. |
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Which metabolic pathway is common to both cellular respiration and fermentation?A) the oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoAB) the citric acid cycleC) oxidative phosphorylationD) glycolysisE) chemiosmosis |
D |
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In the absence of oxygen, yeast cells can obtain energy by fermentation, resulting in theproduction of ________. |
ATP, CO2, and ethanol (ethyl alcohol) |
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What is the name of the bond (or linkage) that connects individual mono-saccharides toform a poly-saccharide molecule? |
glycosidic linkage, hydrolysis |
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functions of carbohydrates in organisms with examples of each |
-Serve as Precursors to Larger Molecules: Ribose -is a subunit of DNA and RNAHelp with Cell Identity: Glycoproteins and Glycolipids |
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Which are considered healthier: saturated fats or unsaturated fats? Provide an explanation |
unsaturated fats are considered healthier due to one or more double bonds that causes them to be "flexible", so they are less likely to clog arteries. |
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What problem associated with a larger size do organelles help overcome? |
low surface area to volume ratio |
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List two benefits of having organelles |
Subdivides fluid portion of the cell, Makes chemical reactions more efficient, and separateschemical reactions into different areas. |
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What type of bonds have less potential energy, polar or nonpolar? Why? |
Polar bonds haveless potential energy. Polar bonds are shorter and stronger. This makes them harder to break.Because they are harder to break their “potential” for releasing energy is less. Theopposite is true for nonpolar bonds. |
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What is the first product produced in The Citric Acid Cycle? |
citrate |
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citrate is formed from what to reactants |
Acetyl CoA + Oxaloacetate (Acetyl CoA comes from pyruvate oxidation step) |
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6O2 + C6H12O6 6CO2 + 6H20 + energy (heat + ATP) |
cellular respiration |
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6CO2 + 6H20 + energy (sunlight) 6O2 + C6H12O6 |
photosynthesis |
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What is the major role of pyruvate in the process of anaerobic respiration (fermentation)? |
acts as electron acceptor |
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If your cells are in a hypoxic (low oxygen) environment and fermentation pathways areactivated, what 2 major products would you expect to build up as a result |
NAD+ and lactic acid |
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Glycolysis: where does it occur? what are its products? |
cytosol |
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pyruvate oxidation: where does it occur? what are its products? |
mitochondrial matrix |
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citric acid cycle: where does it occur? what are its products? |
mitochondrial matrix |
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Which of the following does NOT occur during mitosis?A) condensation of the chromosomesB) replication of the DNAC) separation of sister chromatidsD) spindle formationE) separation of the spindle poles |
B |
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If a cell has accumulated DNA damage, it is unlikely to ________.A) pass the G2 checkpointB) activate DNA repair mechanismsC) enter G1 frommitosisD) undergo apoptosis |
A |
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Aftertelophase I of meiosis, the chromosomal makeup of each daughter cell is________. |
haploid, and the chromosomes of each are composed of two chromotids |
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Sisterchromatids separate from each other during ________. |
mitosis and meiosis II |
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Whenwe first see chiasmata under a microscope, we know that ________. |
prophase I is occurring |
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Independent assortment of chromosomes is a result of ________. |
the random way chromosomes line up at the metaphase plate during meiosis one |
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What is the most common source of the extra chromosome 21 inan individual with Down syndrome? |
non disjunction in the mother |
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The individual with genotype AaBbCCDdEE can make manykinds of gametes. Which of the following is the major reason? |
the different possible assortment of chromosomes into gametes |
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Mendel'sobservation of the segregation of alleles in gamete formation has its basis inwhich of the following phases of cell division? |
anaphase 1 of meiosis |
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In trying to determine whether DNA or protein is the genetic material, Hersheyand Chase made use of which of the following facts |
DNA contains phosphorus, while protein does not |
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DNAis synthesized through a process known as ________. |
semiconservative replication |
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semiconservative replication |
produces two copies that each contained one of the original strands and one new strand |
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conservative replication |
would leave the two original template DNA strands together in a double helix and would produce a copy composed of two new strands containing all of the new DNA base pairs. |
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The leading and the lagging strands differ in that ________. |
A) the leading strand is synthesized in the same direction as the movement of the replication fork, and the lagging strand is synthesized in the opposite direction |
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Which of the following help(s) to hold the DNA strands apartwhile they are being replicated? |
single stranded DNA binding proteins |
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Ineukaryotic cells, transcription cannot begin until ________. |
several transcription factors have bound to the promoter |
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The primary function of RNA polymerase II is transcriptionof ________. |
protein coding genes |
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The mRNA is smaller than the length of the DNA that codesfor it because ________. |
post-transcriptional modification removes the introns |
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Once a peptide bond has been formed between the amino acidattached to the tRNA in the P site and the amino acid associated with the tRNAin the A site, what what is the next step for these tRNAs? |
translocation |
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Codonsare part of the molecular structure of ________. |
mRNA |
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If the sequence in the coding strand of DNA for a particularamino acid is 5'AGT3', then the anticodon on the corresponding tRNA would be________. |
5'ACU3' |
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homologous chromosomes |
chromosomes that have thesame genes in the same position and are the same size andshape. |
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sister chromatids |
Sister chromatids are two identical chromatid copiesin a replicated chromosome. |
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codominance |
equal expression of both dominant genes (can result in speckling) |
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incomplete dominance |
occurs when one specific trait is not completely expressed over a paired allele (ex: pink roses) |
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Central Dogma of Molec. Bio |
DNA is transcribed into mRNA, which is then translated into protein after going through RNA processing |
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which enzyme is the workhorse of transcription? Where would this enzyme be most active? |
RNA polymerase, nucleus |
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two things that need to happen to immature RNA before translation: |
processing, caps and introns need to be removed |
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two hypothesis of genetics at Mendel's time: |
blending & inheritance of acquired traits |