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155 Cards in this Set
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immunopathology |
study of disease states associated with overactivity or under reactivity of immune response |
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hyposensitivity disease |
immune function is incompletely developed, suppressed or destroyed |
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allergy |
an exaggerated immune response that is manifested by inflammation |
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allergen |
antigens that do not noticeably affect non allergic individuals |
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atopy |
chronic local allergy such as hay fever or asthma |
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anaphylaxis |
a systematic, sometimes fatal reaction that involves airway obstruction |
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antigens that elect hypersensitivity reactions are |
exogenous: microbes, pollens, grains endogenous: arising from self |
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chemical mediators |
act alone or in combination account for the tremendous scope of allergies |
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what do chemical mediators target |
skin, upper respiratory tract, GI tract |
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asthma |
episodes of impaired breathing airways of asthmatics are responsive to minute amounts of inhalant allergens, foods, or infectious disease |
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eczema |
sensitization occurs through ingestion, inhalation, skin contact dry scaly thickened skin |
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systemic anaphylaxis |
sudden respiratory an circulatory disruption, can be fatal in a few minutes allergen and route are variable -bee venom -injections of antibiotics or serum |
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skin testing: in vivo |
method that detects precise atopic or anaphylactic sensitivities -skin is injected, scratched, or pricked with small amount of pure allergen |
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drugs that block allergy: antihistamines |
interfere with histamine activity by binding to histamine receptors on target organs |
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drugs that block allergy: epinephrine(adrenaline) |
individuals prone to anaphylactic attacks reverses constriction of airways buys individual time to get to a hospital |
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allergy vaccines: desensitization or hyposensitization |
prevents reactions between allergen, IgE, and mast cells |
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creation of the IgG blocking antibodies |
remove the allergen from the system before it can bind to IgE and trigger mast cell degranulation |
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blood types were first demonstrated by |
Karl Landsteiner in 1906 |
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Karl found that the serum of one person could ___ the red blood cells of another |
clump |
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ABO antigen markers |
genetically determined composed of glycoproteins |
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the RBC's of type O have ___ but not A and B antigens
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antigens |
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Rh factor |
D antigen |
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Rh type results from a combination of two alleles |
Rh+: dominant Rh- : recessive |
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a person inheriting at least one Rh gene will be |
Rh+ |
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serum sickness and the arthus reaction depend on |
IgG, IgM, or IgA |
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serum sickness and arthus require |
large doses of antigen (compared to anaphylaxis which requires minisclue doses) |
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differences between arthus and serum sickness |
arthus reaction is a localized dermal injury serum sickness is a systemic injury |
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type IV hypersensitivties primarily involves |
T Cells |
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type IV diseases result when T cells respond to antigens displayed in ___ ___ or ___ ___ |
self tissues transplanted tissues |
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infectious allergy: |
when a person sensitized by tuberculosis infection is injected with an extract of mycobacterium tuberculosis |
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tuberculin reaction |
inflammation at the injection site with 24-48 hours |
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contact dermatitis caused by |
exposure to: resins in poison ivy or poison oak haptens in household item (jewelry, cosmetics,) |
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contact dermatitis requires a |
sensitization and provocative dose |
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autograft |
tissue transplanted from one site on a individuals body to another site on his or her body |
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isograft |
tissue from an identical twin is used |
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allografts |
exchanged between genetically different individuals belonging to the same species |
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xenograft |
tissues exchanged between individuals of different species |
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autoimmune disease |
individual develops hypersensitivity to him or herself |
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autoantibodies |
T cells, both amount an abnormal attack against self antigens |
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systemic autoimmunity |
involve several major organs |
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organ specific autoimmunity |
involves only one organ or tissue |
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sequestered antigens |
some antigens become exposed through infection, trauma or deterioration when finally encounter immune cells, they are recognized as foreign trigger a reaction to self antigens |
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forbidden clones |
immune system of a fetus develops tolerating by eradicting all self reacting lymphocytes |
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bystander effect |
T cell activation may incorrectly "turn on" B cells that react with self antigens Chemicalcompounds such as heavy metals may stimulate autoreactive T-cell populations |
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molecular mimicry |
leads immune system to misidentify antigens
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molecular mimicry: type I diabetes and MS |
triggered by viral infection |
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molecular mimicry: Rheumatic fever and psoriasis |
result of bacterial infection |
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primary immunodeficiency disease |
present at birth stem from genetic errors |
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secondary immunodeficiency disease |
acquired after birth caused by natural or artificial agents |
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severe combined immunodeficiencies (SCIDS) |
most serious and potentially lethal forms of immunodeficiency |
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SCIDS causes |
dysfunction in both lymphocyte systems |
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secondary immunologic diseases |
AIDS T helper, monocytes, macrophages, and APCs are infected with HIV |
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depletion of T helper cells and functional impairment of immune system responses account for ___ and opportunistic infections associated with ___ |
cancer AIDS |
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bone marrow or lymphoid organ cancers can cause malfunction of |
humoral and cellular immunity |
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leukemia |
cancer cells displace normal cells of the bone marrow and blood |
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integument |
skin hair nails sweat and oil glands |
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epidermis: stratum corneum |
packed with keratin gives cells ability to withstand damage and abrasion lipids are packed between cells to water repel |
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epidermis is replaced every |
25-45 days |
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impetigo |
superficial bacterial infection causes skin to flake or peel off -caused by staph aureus or staph pyogenes or mixture of two |
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who are the primary victims of impetigo |
children |
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staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome (SSSS) caused by |
dermolytic condition caused by staph aureus systemic form of impetigo |
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bullous lesions caused by and appearance |
caused by exfoliative toxins A and B appearance of wrinkled tissue paper patients are left vulnerable to secondary bacterial infections |
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chickenox |
mild disease some experience secondary infections |
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shingles reside in |
reactivavted form of chickenpox virus resides in cranial and sensory neurons |
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two forms of smallpox |
variola major variola minor |
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variola major |
highly virulent, leading to toxemia, shock, and intravascular coagulation |
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variola minor |
rash less dense patient experiences weaker symptoms |
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squeal of measles |
laryngitis, bronchopneumonia, and bacterial secondary infections |
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subacute sclerosing panencephalitis |
1 in 1 million cases develop this progressive neurological degeneration of the cerebral cortex |
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rubella |
causes minor rash damage occur when fetus is exposed in womb |
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congenital rubella |
infection in the first trimester: indices miscarriage causes multipul permanent defects in new born |
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congenital defects caused by rubella |
deafness cardiac abnormalities ocular lesions mental and physical retardation |
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cutaneous anthrax caused by |
most common and least dangerous infection caused by bacillus anthracis |
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what does cutaneous anthrax form |
a black eschar when endospores enter skin and germinate there |
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11 cases of cutaneous anthrax occurred following |
bioterrorism attacks in the fall of 2001 |
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blood brain barrier |
cells that make up the walls of blood vessels around the brain allow very few molecules to pass through |
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blood brain barrier prohibits most |
microorganisms from passing into the CNS (drugs and antibiotics are difficult to introduce into the CNS when needed) |
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rabies |
zoonotic disease characterized by fatal encephalitis |
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furious rabies |
agitation, disorientation, seizures, twitching hydrophobia |
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dumb rabies |
patient is paralyzed, disoriented, stuporous |
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rabies reservoirs |
wild mammals: canines, skunks, raccoons, bats, cats |
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tetanus: clostridium tetani(resident of) |
soil and GI tract of animals gram pos |
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tetanospasmin binds to |
target antigens on peripheral motor neurons |
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tetanospasmin blocks inhibitions of |
muscle contaction and causes muscles to contract uncontrollably resultsing in spastic paralysis death results from paralysis of respiratory muscles and respiratory arrest |
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anthrax: bacillus anthracis |
zoonotic disease of herbivores gram pos |
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bacillus anthracis forms (tripartite toxins): |
edema factor protective antigen lethal factor |
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human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) causes |
retrovirus causes acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) |
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symptoms of HIV |
pneumonia kaposi's sarcoma sudden weight loss swollen lymph nodes general loss of immune function |
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signs and symptoms of HIV |
initial symptoms: fatigue, diarrhea, weight loss, neurological changes oppurtunistic infections poor nutrient absorption night sweats, fever, sore throat lesions on brain, spinal column |
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HIV transmission |
any form of intimate contact involving transfer of blood can be potential source (not considered sources of infection: urine, sweat, tears, saliva) |
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epidemiology of HIV |
beginning of epidemic: 1980's 60 million have become infected, 30 million have died of HIV related causes |
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diphtheria: corynebacterium diphtheriae |
gram pos produces sore throat, lack of appetite and low grade fever |
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diphtheria
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produce an exotoxin that inhibits protein synthesis and irresponsible for pathogenesis -resistant to drying |
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diphtheria transmission |
airborne transmission by nasopharyngeal secretions |
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whooping cough: catarrhal phase |
bacteria in the respiratory tract cause cold symptoms |
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whooping cough: paroxysmal phase |
uncontrollable coughing accompanied by a "whoop" sound can result in broken blood vessels in the eyes, vomitting, even hemorrhages in the brain |
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whooping cough: convalescent phase |
bacteria are decreasing, but ciliated epithelia have been damaged, requiring weeks to months of recovery |
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filamentous hemagglutinin |
essential for attachment |
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pertussis toxin |
causes massive mucus production |
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tracheal cytotoxin |
causes direct destruction of ciliated cells |
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pertussis vaccine does not provide |
lifelong protection organism may be evolving |
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influenza sighs and symptoms |
headache, chills, dry cough, body aches, fever, stuffy nose, sore throat H1N1 swine flu: not all patients had fever, patients had GI distress or multigrain system failure |
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influenza: hemagglutinin |
agglutinating action on red blood cells |
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influenza: neuraminidase |
breaks down protective mucous coating of respiratory tract keeps viruses from sticking together |
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antigenic drift |
gradual changing of amino acid composition of influenza antigens |
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antigenic shift |
swapping out one of the strands of viral DNA with a gene or strand from another virus |
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tuberculosis |
bacteria grow inside alveolar macrophages |
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tubercles |
granulomas containing a core of TB bacteria and enlarged macrophages surrounded by an outer wall made of fibroblasts, lymphocytes, and macrophages |
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secondary tuberculosis (reactivation) |
bacteria remain dormant in lungs become reactivated when immune system wanes |
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symptoms of secondary TB |
violent coughing, greenish or bloody sputum, low grade fever, anorexia untreated has 60% mortality rate |
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tuberculosis: extrapulmonary TB (organs primarily involved) |
lymph nodes intestines kidneys long bones brain |
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transmission of TB |
droplets of respiratory mucus in the air |
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Tb is an infection of poverty: |
inadequate nutrition debilitation of immune system poor access to medical care lung damage genetics |
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TB diagnosis |
mantoux test: shows evidence of delayed hypersensitivity after initial injection (purified protein derivative is injected under the skin and observed for evidence) |
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treatment of active TB |
first 2 months: rifampin, isoniazid, ethambutol 4-7 months: rifampin, isoniazid |
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treatment of latent TB |
isoniazid, rifampin, rifapentine |
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mycibacterium avian complex (MAC) |
causes a dissminated tuberculoosis infection in patients with AIDS |
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MAC is a frequent inhabitant of |
showerheads |
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campylobacter |
most common cause of bacteria diarrhea in US symptoms may last longer than 2 weeks (watery stool, fever, etc) |
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vibrio cholerae symptoms |
vomitting, copious watery feces, large fluid loss 1 liter per hour loss of BV, hypotension(low BP), tachycardia(rapid heart rate) |
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vibrio cholerae: transmission |
warm, monsoon, alkaline, and saline condition favor growth |
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treatment of vibrio cholerae |
oral rehydration therapy |
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hepatitis |
inflammatory disease of the liver interferes with excretion of bile pigments causes bilirubin to accumulate in blood and tissues causing jaundice |
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hepatitis A virus |
non- enveloped single stranded RNA virus |
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hepatitis A virus: signs and symptoms |
flulike symptoms jaundice in 10% of cases |
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hepatitis A transmission |
fecal-oral route, associated with deficient personal hygiene nd lack of public health measures immunizations available |
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hepatitis B |
enveloped DNA virus |
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hepatitis B signs and symptoms |
fever, chills, abdominal discomfort rashes and arthritis causes heatocellular carcinoma |
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hepatitus B transmitted |
by minute amount of blood effective vaccine available |
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hepatitis C |
silent epidemic similar to hepatitis B |
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hepatitis C transmission |
blood transfusion, needle sharing no vaccine available |
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what drugs inhibit hepatitis C |
pegylated interferon, ribavirin, protease, and polymerase |
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normal biota of male genitalia tract |
lactobacillus, and streptococcus microbiota shifts when sexual activity begins |
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microbes associated with STI's can |
take up residence in genital tract |
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vaginal, oral, and anal, intercourse can harbor |
bacteria that produce vaginosis in females |
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normal biota of the female genital tract |
uterus and organs above it are sterile |
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vaginal canal colonized by a diverse array of microorganisms |
lactobacillus (lowers pH of vagina) carndida albicans (prsent at low levels in healthy female reproductive tract) |
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microbial make up can shift dramatically during |
menstruation cycle and pregnancy |
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gonorrhea: signs and symptoms (male) |
urethritis, painful urination, yellowish discharge, many cases asymptomatic |
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gonorrhea: signs and symptoms (female) |
bloody discharge, painful urination salpingitis: inflammation of the fallopian tubes |
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children born to gonococcus carriers |
can be infected as they pass through the birth canal |
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neisseria gonorrhoeae |
use fimbriae to attach to mucosal epithelial cells |
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neisseria gonorrhoeae: tranmission |
all forms of sexual contact |
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infection of neisseria gonoorrhoeae increases ones risk of |
HIV infection |
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chlamydia |
most common reported infectious disease |
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chlamydia signs and symptoms: male |
discharge and painful urination most are asymptomatic |
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chlamydia signs and symptoms: female |
cervictis, discharge, salpingitis, PID most are asymptomatic |
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lymphogranuloma venereum |
invasion of lymphatic tissues |
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chlamydia trachomatis |
cell wall prevents phagosome-lysosome fusion |
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chlamydia trachoma's treatment |
doxycycline or azithromycin (confection with gonorrhea is common) |
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primary syphilis |
chancre: small, red, hard bump that appears at the site of entry of pathogen appear on internal and external genitalia, lips, oral cavity, nipples, fingers, anus |
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secondary syphilis |
red or brown rash on palms and soles of feet accompanied by hair loss |
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latent and territory syphilis |
damage to small arteries and aortic wall gummas develop in liver, skin, and bone |
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congenital syphilis |
inhibits fetal growth and disrupts critical periods of development causes fetal abnormalities |
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treponema pallidum |
binds to epithelial cells by its hooked tip outer membrane lipoproteins stimulate a strong inflammatory response that can cause damage to host barrier condoms provide protection |