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86 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Atom
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basic unit of matter
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Organic molecules of cells
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Protein, carbohydrates (monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides) and lipids
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Monomers of proteins
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amino acids joined by peptide bond
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monomers of polysaccharide starch
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Glucose
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Control
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goes through all the steps of the test but lacks the factor being tested
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Enzymes
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protein that speed up chemical reactions. Amylase in saliva
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How many common amino acids are found in cells?
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20
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R group
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(Remainder group) amino differ by R group. Vary in size shape and chemical activity.
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Chain of 2 or more amino acids
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peptide
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Bond between amino acids
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peptide bond
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polypeptide
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very long chain of amino acids
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Biuret reagent
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-blue color
-contains strong solution of sodium or potassium hydroxide and a small amount of dilute copper sulfate -peptide or peptide bond chemically combine with copper ions to result in a color change - pinkish-purple if proteins present |
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Carbohydrates
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sugars and chain of sugars
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glucose
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one unit of sugar
-monosaccharide |
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maltose
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2 units of sugar
-disaccharide |
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glycogen, starch and cellulose
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polysaccharides mad up of chain units of glucose
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Glucose as an energy source
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energy is released when glucose is broken down to carbon dioxide and water
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Iodine solution
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(yellowish-brown)
-test for starch -reacts chemically to turn blue-black color |
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Benedict's reagent
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(Blue color)
-monosaccharides and some disaccharides react -after heated to a boil -copper ion reacts with part of the sugar molecule that is reduced -results in color change from green to red - blue = no change |
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lipids
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insoluble in water and soluble in solvents, such as alcohol and ether.
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Test for fats
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fats do not evaporate from brown paper; instead, they leave an oily spot
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polar
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charged groups or atoms
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water is not a good solvent for ____
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non polar molecules, such as fats
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emulsifier and how it works?
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can cause a fat to disperse in water
- contains molecules with both polar and non polar ends. when the non polar end interacts with the fat and the polar end interacts with the water molecule , the fat disperses in water and an emulsion results. |
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Bile salts
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emulsifiers found in bile produced by the liver
- used in digestion |
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commercially produced emulsifiers
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detergents and tween
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Cell theory
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states that all living things are composed of cells and that cells are the come only from other cells
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epithelial cell
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cell that lines cavities and structures of the body
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cytoplasm
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content of a cell
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plasma membrane
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regulates the movement of molecule into and out of the cytoplasm
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Prokaryotic (literal meaning)
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pro means "before"; karyote means "nucleus"
-does not contain a nucleus |
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Eukaryotic
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eu means "true"; karyote means "nucleus"
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Organelles
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small membranous bodies, each with a specific structure and function
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t/f prokaryotes do have cytoplasm the material bounded by the plasma membrane and cell wall
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t
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prokaryotic cytoplasm contains_____ and also contain ______.
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ribosomes
-small granules that coordinate the synthesis of proteins Nucleoid a region in the bacteria cell interior in which the DNA is physically organized but not enclosed by a membrane |
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Ribosome
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Prokaryotic-protein synthesis
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inclusion body
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Prokaryotic- stored nutrients for later use
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mesosome
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Prokaryotic- plasma membrane that folds into cytoplasm and increases surface area
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fimbriae
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Prokaryotic- hairlike bristles that allow adhesion to the surfaces
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conjuction pilus
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Prokaryotic- elongated hollow appendage used for DNA transfer to other bacterial cells
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nucleoid
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Prokaryotic- location of bacteria chromosomes
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plasma membrane
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Prokaryotic-sheath around the cytoplasm that regulates entrance and exit of molecules
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cell wall
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Prokaryotic-covering that supports shapes and protects cell
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glycocalyx
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Prokaryotic- gel like coating outside cell wall; if compact called a capsule if diffuse called a slime layer
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flagellum
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rotating filament present in some bacteria that pushes the cell forward
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nucleus in a eukaryotic cell is bounded by ____ and contains ___.
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nuclear envelope
nucleoplasm |
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Eukaryotic- cell wall
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-contains cellulose fibrils
-provide all support and protection |
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Eukaryotic- plasma membrane
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-phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins
-outer cell surface tat regulates entrance and exit of molecules |
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Eukaryotic- nucleus
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-enclosed by nuclear envelope; contains chromatin (threads of DNA and protein
-storage of genetic information; synthesis of DNA and RNA |
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Eukaryotic- nucleolus
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-contains are of chromatin
-produces subunits of ribosomes |
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Eukaryotic- ribosomes
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-protein and RNA in two subunits
-carries out protein synthesis |
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Eukaryotic- endoplasmic riticulum
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-membranous, flattened channels and tubular canals; rough ER and smooth ER
-synthesis and/or modification of proteins and other substances; transport by vesicle formation |
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Eukaryotic- rough ER
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-studded with ribosomes
-protein synthesis |
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Eukaryotic- smooth ER
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-lacks ribosomes
-synthesis of of lipid molecules |
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Eukaryotic- golgi apparatus
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-stack of membranous saccules
-processes, packages, and distributes proteins and lipids |
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Eukaryotic- vesicle
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-membrane-bound sac
-stores and transports substances |
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Eukaryotic- lysosome
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-vesicles containing hydrolytic enzymes
-digest macromolecules and cell parts |
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Eukaryotic- vesicle
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-membrane-bound sac
-stores and transports substances |
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Eukaryotic- lysosome
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-vesicles containing hydrolytic enzymes
-digest macromolecules and cell parts |
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Eukaryotic- peroxisome
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-vesicles containing specific enzyme
-breaks down fatty acids and converts resulting hydrogen peroxide to water; various other functions |
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Eukaryotic- vesicle
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-membrane-bound sac
-stores and transports substances |
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Eukaryotic- mitochondrion
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-membraneous cristae bounded by double membrane
-carries out cellular respiration, producing ATP molecules |
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Eukaryotic- peroxisome
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-vesicles containing specific enzyme
-breaks down fatty acids and converts resulting hydrogen peroxide to water; various other functions |
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Eukaryotic- lysosome
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-vesicles containing hydrolytic enzymes
-digest macromolecules and cell parts |
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Eukaryotic- chloroplast
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-membranous thylakoids bounded by double membrane
-carries out photosynthesis, produces sugars |
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Eukaryotic- mitochondrion
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-membraneous cristae bounded by double membrane
-carries out cellular respiration, producing ATP molecules |
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Eukaryotic- peroxisome
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-vesicles containing specific enzyme
-breaks down fatty acids and converts resulting hydrogen peroxide to water; various other functions |
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Eukaryotic- mitochondrion
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-membraneous cristae bounded by double membrane
-carries out cellular respiration, producing ATP molecules |
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Eukaryotic- chloroplast
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-membranous thylakoids bounded by double membrane
-carries out photosynthesis, produces sugars |
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Eukaryotic- chloroplast
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-membranous thylakoids bounded by double membrane
-carries out photosynthesis, produces sugars |
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Eukaryotic- vesicle
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-membrane-bound sac
-stores and transports substances |
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Eukaryotic- lysosome
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-vesicles containing hydrolytic enzymes
-digest macromolecules and cell parts |
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Eukaryotic- peroxisome
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-vesicles containing specific enzyme
-breaks down fatty acids and converts resulting hydrogen peroxide to water; various other functions |
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Eukaryotic- mitochondrion
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-membraneous cristae bounded by double membrane
-carries out cellular respiration, producing ATP molecules |
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Eukaryotic- chloroplast
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-membranous thylakoids bounded by double membrane
-carries out photosynthesis, produces sugars |
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Eukaryotic- cytoskeleton
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-microtubules, intermediate filaments, actin filaments
-maintains cell shape and assists movement of cell parts |
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Eukaryotic- cila and flagella
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-9+2 pattern of microtubules
-movement of cell |
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Eukaryotic- centrioles
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-9+0 pattern of microtubules
-unknown function |
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Diffusion
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movement of molecules from higher to a lower concentration until equilibrium is achieved and the and the molecules are distributed equally.
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Osmosis
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diffusion of water across the plasma membrane of a cell. From area of higher concentration to area of lower concentration.
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Tonicity
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is the relative concentration of solutes (particles), and therefore also of solvent (water), outside the cell compared with inside the cell.
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Isotonic solution
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has the same concentration of salute (and therefore of water) as the cell
-when cells are placed in a isotonic solution, no net movement of water |
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Hypertonic solution
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has higher solute (therefore, lower water) concentration that the cell
-when cells are placed in a hypertonic solution, water move out of cell |
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Hypotonic solution
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has a lower solute (therfore higher water) concentration tahn the cell.
-when cells are placed in a hypotonic solution, water moves from the solution into the cell |
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Plasmolysis
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when plant cells are in hypertonic solution, the central vacuole losses water, and the cytoplasm, including the chloroplast, pulls away from the cell wall.
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Tugor pressure
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when a plant cells are in a hypotonic solution, the large central vacuole gains water and exerts pressure
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