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82 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Phylum Chordata (5 common characteristics)
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1. notochord
2. dorsal, hollow nerve cord 3. pharyngeal gill slits 4. post-anal tail 5. endostyle |
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Three subphyla of Chordata
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Urochordata, Cephalochordata, and Vertebrata
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Subphylum Urochordata
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Filter feeders:
1. Water passes through pharyngeal gill slits. 2. Tiny food particles are filtered and passed by cilia to stomach. |
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Subphylum Cephalochordata
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Filter feeders:
1. Burrows tail into sand so mouth and tentacles, called cirri, are exposed. 2. water is drawn into mouth and tiny food particles are filtered in the pharynx and passed to intestine. 3. Excess water goes through atrial cavity via pharyngeal gill-slits and exits body through the atriopore. |
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Atrium
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Chamber for excess water passing through gill slits
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Atriopore
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Opening to allow water to leave animal
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Paedomorphosis
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The retention of the juvenile form into adulthood.
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Phylum Vertebrata
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Increased size and mobility.
1. Cephalization 2. Crainum and vertebral column (replaces notochord) 3. Adaptations in circulatory and respiratory systems. |
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Brain of perch
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Olfactory lobes (anterior), larger cerebrum behind, followed by large optic lobes.
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Tetrapods
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Animals with four limbs to support them on land.
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Amniotes
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Animals that lay shelled, water-filled eggs.
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Class Agnatha
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Lampreys
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Class Chondrichtyes
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Sharks and Rays
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Class Osteichtyes
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Bony fish (Perch)
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Class Amphibia
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Frogs, toads, mudpuppies, and salamanders. (First adaptations to life on land by chordates; legs for hopping)
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Class Reptilia
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Lizards, snakes, turtles, crocodiles
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Amniotic Egg
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Shelled egg comes with its own watery environment releasing reptiles from a dependence on water for reproduction.
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Poikilothermic
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Amphibians and reptiles are poikilothermic. They cannot regulate their body temperature internally.
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Class Aves
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Birds
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Class Mammalia
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Mammals
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Homeothermy/endothermy
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Modifications which help organisms regulate their body temperature without regard to the external environment.
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Chapter 18
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Vertebrate Anatomy
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Tissue
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Groups of similar, specialized cells that perform a common function.
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Four general types of tissue
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1. Epithelium
2. Connective Tissue 3. Muscle 4. Nervous |
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Neurons
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Cells that carry nervous impulses
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Chromatophores
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Pigment cells that give frog skin its characteristic color and pattern.
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Cornified Cells
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Consists of cells impregnated with the protein keratin.
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Keratin
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waterproofs and toughens cells, protecting the layers beneath from water loss and abrasion.
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Sebaceous glands
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Secretes sebum that keeps hair oily.
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Sweat Glands
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Water secretions from these glands help regulate body temperature by cooling the surface of the skin.
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Adipose Tissue
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"Chicken wire" Possess a large vacuole which is filled with fat
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External nares
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Frog nostril
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Tympanic membrane
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Frog ear
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Osteocytes
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Mature bone
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Hydroxyapatite
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A calcium salt
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Haversian systems
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Osteocytes arranged in concentric rings that form cylinders. These cylinders are called Haversian systems.
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Haversian canal
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Blood vessels and nerves run.
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Lacuna
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Small space that osteocytes occupy.
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Canaliculi
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Fine hair-like extensions from each lacuna.
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Skeletal Muscles
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Usually attached to bone
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Smooth muscles
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Involuntary muscles.
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Digestion of food
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Begins in stomach, completed in the anterior part of the intestine (the duodenum), and remainder of intestine (the jejunoileum) is involved with absorption of digested food.
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Colon
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Absorbs water and ions and delivers feces to the cloaca.
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Live
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Produces bile, which assists in digestion of fats.
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Gall Bladder
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stores Bile.
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Mesentery
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A memberane that holds organs in place.
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Pancreas
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Makes many digestive enzymes and produces the hormones insulin and glucagon, which regulate blood sugar levels.
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Cardiac muscle
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Muscle found only in the heart, like skeletal muscle cardiac muscle is striated, but striations look fainter.
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Intercalated discs
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Bind cells together tightly to prevent tearing of cardiac muscle and provides channels for ion flow between fibers
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Erythrocytes
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Carries oxygen
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Spleen
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Site of synthesis of new blood cells and destruction of worn out blood cells.
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Parietal Peritoneum
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The peritoneum that lines the body cavity
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Leukocytes
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White blood cells
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Ureter
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Carries urine to the urinary bladder
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Urinary Bladder
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A thin-walled sac behind colon.
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Neuroglial cells
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Numerous small cells among neurons
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Biotic factors
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Living components
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Abiotic factors
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Nonliving components
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Populations
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All the members of a given species that live in a particular location
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Community
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All of the organism populations living and interacting in a given environment
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Ecosystem
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The level of ecological study that includes the entire community along with its physical environment.
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Autotrophs
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Capture small portion of the sun's energy and uses it to manufacture all the organic nutrients for an ecosystem.
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Primary Producers
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Autotrophs are primary producers.
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Primary productivity
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The rate at which energy is stored as organic matter.
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Heterotrophs
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Cannot make their own food. Obtain energy from chemical bonds in food they eat.
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Primary consumer
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An organism that eats a producer
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Secondary consumer
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An organism that eats a primary consumer.
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Tertiary consumer
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Feeds on secondary consumers
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Trophic Level
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Relationship between what an organism eats and what is eaten
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Herbivore
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Obtain nutrients by eating primary producers (living algae and plants)
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Carnivores
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Feed on consumers and organisms that feed on both producers and consumers are classified as omnivores.
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Decomposers
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Organisms such as bacteria and fungi that degrade the remains of dead organisms into simpler materials.
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Detritivores
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Organisms such as insects, worms, and crustaceans that consume detritus.
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detritus
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Dead organic matter.
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Littoral zone
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The shallow region along the shore where light penetrates to the bottom.
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Limnetic zone
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Layer of open water ot the depth that light penetrates.
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Profundal zone
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The deep region beneath the limnetic zone where light does not penetrate. Many decomposers are found here.
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Surface film
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Provides habitat for many pond organisms.
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Species diversity
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The number of individual organisms present in the community to the number of species in that community.
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Species richness
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Number of different species in a community
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Relative abundance
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number of individuals among species.
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Simpson's Index
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Measures species dominance; the number of times one would have to take pairs of individuals at random to find a pair of the same species.
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